SM Jaleel Project

SM Jaleel & Company Ltd , affectionately known as SMJ, is one of the oldest and largest manufacturers of nonalcoholic drinks in the English speaking Caribbean. Since their inception in 1924, their wide portfolios of beverages have become household names across the Caribbean, and are currently distributed to over 60 countries worldwide. Their products span a host of carbonated soft drinks, exotic fruit juices, purified and flavoured water, energy drinks, and other fruit flavoured beverages. Every stage of production is owned by the esteemed SM Jaleel & Company Ltd.SMJ manufacture its own PET (plastic) bottles, tetra packs (juice boxes), and the cans that their wide variety of products are packaged in. As such, the company enjoys iconic status as the Caribbean’s premier soft drink manufacturer with a reputation for quality, innovation and commercial intelligence. SMJ have been innovative leaders in manufacturing, having pioneered the use of dynamic and advanced technology, syste ms, and processes in the soft drink industry. They have 25 years of experience in plastic blowing technology which has enabled SMJ’s wide array of PET bottles in different shapes and sizes.Their blow molding facility is also the largest in the Caribbean. SMJ was also the first in the world, in conjunction with Reynolds Metal Company, to fill fruit juices in aluminum cans. This was done using Nitrogen technology in the 1980’s, and eliminated the need for artificial preservatives in the product. To ensure consistency in providing high quality products at affordable prices, they have established and facilitated a global network of mutually beneficial partnerships with customers and suppliers.In accordance with SMJ’s dedication to quality and consistency, new products have actively been introduced to the market over the past two decades, via ongoing research and development efforts. Presently, SMJ’s products are found in over half a million wholesale and reta il stores, including Walmart and other renowned international retailers. Millions consume these products yearly because of this extensive reach. SMJ mission reads as follows; â€Å"To always stay one step ahead, constantly responding to an essential human need through thirst quenching, quality beverages and premium water.To create products of the highest standards that are priced affordably and distributed efficiently, providing greater accessibility to our consumers. To inspire and motivate our workforce to achieve excellence as a team while promoting their inner sense of self and purpose as individuals. To keep our target market top of mind, as we continue our commitment to improve and enrich the lives of our consumers†. In my opinion SMJ has lived up to their mission statement. They are right on point with each goal their organization placed.To further illustrate this here’s a look at their vision statement: â€Å"To strive towards being leaders in the non-alcoholi c market, making our people the cornerstone of our success, as we work together in a globally-focused, dynamic environment based on trust and sound values, providing all-encompassing beverage solutions that meet the ever changing, evolving needs of our customers†. SMJ has without a shadow of a doubt been leaders in the nonalcoholic beverage industry for the past two decades. They have gone beyond the call of duty in the industry.They are pioneers to the Caribbean and even the world’s market in the non-alcoholic industry. This marketing giant in the Caribbean formally known as SMJ has mastered the art of marketing and has captured numerous segments of the non-alcoholic market. They have accomplished this by marketing their products well. Positioning the product is very important. Marketing is about how your firm positions itself to satisfy your market’s needs. There are four critical elements in marketing your products and business.They are the four P’s of marketing. 1. Product; The right product to satisfy the needs of your target customer. 2. Price; The right product offered at the right price. 3. Place; The right product at the right price available in the right place to be bought by customers. 4. Promotion; informing potential customers of the availability of the product, its price and its place. Each of the four P’s is a variable that should be controled in creating the marketing mix that will attract customers to the business.Marketing mix should be something paid careful attention to because the success of the business depends on it. As a business manager, determining how to use these variables to achieve profit potential is important. This case study introduces the four P’s of marketing and includes worksheets that will help you determine the most effective marketing mix for the business. In this case study we would have observed that SMJ use positioning, marketing mix and the four P’s to bring about succe ss to SMJ. â€Å"Product† refers to the goods and services that are being offered to the customers.Apart from the physical product itself, there are elements associated with the product that customers may be attracted to, such as the way it is packaged. In terms of packaging SMJ has won over the hearts of many children with its unique patented PET bottle which was designed for the famous drink Chubby. Other SMJ product attributes include quality, options and brand name. SMJ product’s appearance, function, and support make up what the customer is actually buying.Successful managers such as Dr. Aleem Mohammed, Chairman S. M. Jaleel & Co. Ltd.pay close attention to the needs their product bundles address for customers. The products available for sale by SMJ are Carbonated Soft Drinks, Water, Juices FRUTA and Energy Drinks. In the Carbonated Soft Drinks there are a wide array of flavors available. The flavors include; Action Apple, Bubble Gum, Bubbly Cream Soda, Megastar M ango, Merenguito, Purple Power, Rock N Rolla Cola, Sorrel Soda, Tutti Frutti, Kola Champagne, Blueberry Blast, Fresa Strawberry, Go Bananas, Martian Magic, Green Crush, Orango Tango, Pineapple Sunshine, Poppin Pear. These are the flavors which have been made available in the Caribbean.In Latin America some additional flavors are available with some being omitted, they include; Fresa Strawberry, Martian Magic Green Crush, Cream Scream Soda, Fruit Punch Soda, Cola Soda, Blueberry Blast, Bubbly, Cream Soda, Go Bananas, Megastar Mango, Merenguito, Orango Tango, Pineapple Sunshine, Poppin Pear, Sorrel Soda, Action Apple, Bubble Gum, Kola Champagne. This shows that SMJ practices what is called market segmentation. They strategically position there products to meet their target audience, by bundling different flavors and in some instances same flavor but different names.Product bundle should meet the needs of a particular target market. For example, a luxury product should create just the right image for â€Å"customers who have everything,† while many basic products must be positioned for the price conscious consumers. This is demonstrated in my opinion by the availability of FRUTA and Caribbean Cool. Caribbean Cool is the economical re fruit drinks while FRUTA is the luxurious premium brand. For other important aspects of product may include an appropriate product range, design, warranties, or a brand name.Customer research was a key  element in building an effective marketing mix. Knowledge of the target market and SMJ’s competitors allowed them to offer product that will appeal to customers and avoid costly mistakes. Some of SMJ’s target audience includes, Eastern Caribbean, Caribbean, Latin America and Europe. SMJ has launched a fairly new 25% less sugar carbonated drink which is only available to the Eastern Caribbean, suggesting still in the experimental stages. Proper SWOT analysis should be carried out on launching a new product. SMJ h as always think long term about their venture by planning.This is evident by SMJ’s longevity in the Caribbean, there massive expansion projects and their successful handing over from one generation to the other. SMJ was able to take advantage of opportunities to add value through processing, packaging, and customers. One of their first major successes with packaging was the creation of the PET plastic bottle patented and sold with the name â€Å"Chubby†. It is an ideal size not to big attractive to its target audience, mainly children and not to little not too much. Perfect for a child’s lunch kit. SMJ growth occurred in different geographic regions.SMJ diversified its product, offering a whole range of nonalcoholic products. The success of this diversification was partly because of SSMJ’s successful acquiring of raw materials, production processes, and distribution which were all done by SMJ, which meant there was no need to acquire new suppliers, skills and equipment, and distribution methods â€Å"Price† refers to how much is charged for a product or service. Determining SMJ’s product’s price was tricky and even frightening. Many small business owners feel they must absolutely have the lowest price around. This isn’t always true and depends on your pricing strategy.SMJ pricing approach reflects a good image which positions their product well. Example FRUTA isn’t the cheapest fruit drink in the market, yet it is the preferred fruit drink by many customers. The price resulted from their pricing strategy covers the cost per item and includes a profit margin. Lower pricing would make it impossible to grow. As a manager, of SMJ one of the following alternatives pricing strategies may have been used. Selection of a pricing strategy by SMJ was based on the product, customer demand, the competitive environment, and the other products which are offered.Cost-plus: Adds a standard percentage of profit abov e the cost of producing a product. Accurately assessing fixed and variable costs is an important part of this pricing method. Value-based: Based on the buyer’s perception of value (rather than on your costs). The buyer’s perception depends on all aspects of the product, including non-price factors such as quality, healthfulness, and prestige. Competitive: Based on prices charged by competing firms for competing products. This pricing structure is relatively simple to follow because you maintain your price relative to your competitors’ prices.In some cases, you can directly observe your competitors’ prices and respond to any price changes. In other cases, customers will select vendors based on bids submitted simultaneously. In those cases, gathering information will be more difficult. Going-rate: A price charged that is the common or going-rate in the marketplace. Going-rate pricing is common in markets where most firms have little or no control over the m arket price. Skimming: Involves the introduction of a product at a high price for affluent consumers. Later, the price is decreased as the market becomes saturated. Discount: Based on a reduction in the advertised price.A coupon is an example of a discounted price. Loss-leader: Based on selling at a price lower than the cost of production to attract customers to the store to buy other products. Psychological: Based on a price that looks better, for example, $4. 99 per pound instead of $5. 00 per pound. After you decide on your pricing strategy, the amount of money you will actually receive may be complicated by other pricing aspects that will decrease (or increase) the actual amount of money you receive. You will also have to decide how to determine: Payment period: Length of time before payment is received.Allowance: Price reductions given when a retailer agrees to undertake some promotional activity for you, such as maintaining an in-store display. Seasonal allowances: Reductions given when an order is placed during seasons that typically have low sales volumes to entice customers to buy during slow times. Bundling of products/services: Offering an array of products together. Trade discounts (also called â€Å"functional discounts†): Payments to distribution channel members for performing some function such as warehousing and shelf stocking. Price flexibility: Ability of salesperson or reseller to modify price.Price differences among target customer groups: Pricing variance among target markets. Price differences among geographic areas:Pricing variance among geographic regions. Volume discounts and wholesale pricing:Price reductions given for large purchases. Cash and early payment discounts: Policies to speed payment and thereby provide liquidity. Credit terms: Policies that allow customers to pay for products at a later date. The methods discussed here should be a base from which to construct your price. The options will vary depending on how the pr oduct is sold.Since SMJ doesn’t sell directly to the customer they will need to ensure a proper margin is set by the retailer to ensure the success of their products. Tracing the path of SMJ’s product from production to final purchase is a useful exercise to discover this information. The research needed to understand the pricing along the distribution path will be more than worth the time it takes. SMJ’s price ultimately covers costs, contributes to product image by communicating the perceived value of the products, counter the competition’s offer, and avoid deadly price wars.Remember, price is the one â€Å"P† that generates revenue, while the other three â€Å"P’s† incur costs. Effective pricing was important to the success of SMJ. â€Å"Place† refers to the distribution channels used to get the product to your customers. What the product is will greatly influence how you distribute it. As a producer, SMJ decided if supplyin g direct is appropriate for their product, whether it be sales through retail, door to-door, mail order, e-commerce, on-site, or some other method they made the wise decision and choose not to.However an advantage of direct sales would be the contact you gain by meeting customers face to face. With this contact you can easily detect market changes that occur and adapt to them. You also have complete control over your product range, how it is sold, and at what price. As a result SMJ has to do extensive market research frequently to keep abreast of the market changes. Reseller Sales (Sales Through an Intermediary) Instead of selling directly to the consumer, SMJ decide to sell through an intermediary such as wholesalers and retailer who will resell SMJ’s product and distribute them.This has provided SMJ with a wider distribution than selling direct while decreasing the pressure of managing its own distribution system, additionally, reduction in storage space necessary for inven tory. One of the most important reasons for selling through an intermediary is access to customers. Wholesalers want a steady year-round supply of product to distribute. SMJ has a steady year-round supply that is of consistent quality. Market Coverage by SMJ has moved from local and regional in the early nineties to international in the late nineties, through resellers. Intensive, selective, or exclusive coverageâ€Å"Promotion† refers to the advertising and selling part of marketing. It is how businesses let people know what they’ve got for sale. The purpose of promotion is to get people to understand what product is, what they can use it for, and why they should want it. SMJ effective, promotional efforts contain a clear message targeted to a specific audience reached via the appropriate channel. In the case of chubby parents and children is the target audience. Their message is consistent with the overall marketing image, get their target audience’s attention , and elicit the response desired.Promotion involve advertising, public relations, personal selling, and sales promotions. Advertising methods to promote SMJ’s product include the following. †¢ Radio: Radio advertisements inexpensive ways to inform potential local customers timing of ad is important. †¢ Television: Television allows access to regional and national audiences, but is more expensive than other options. †¢ Print: Direct mail and printed materials, including newspapers, consumer and trade magazines, flyers, and a logo, fact sheets, contests, coupons, and brochures directly to new or old customers on local, regional, or national levels.Currently there are chubby promotions in St Vincent and St Lucia back to School with chubby. †¢ Electronic: Company Web sites provide useful information to interested consumers and clients. †¢ Word of Mouth: Word of mouth depends on satisfied customers which SMJ has had a great track record. Public relations carried out by SMJ ensure that SMJ’s good price effective environmentally friendly Caribbean image is maintained.

Patellar Vs Hamstring Tendon Grafts Health And Social Care Essay

Long rubric: Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Grafts are a More Efficient Surgical Technique than Hamstringing Tendon Grafts in ACL Reconstruction Surgery Abstraction The paper compares the consequences of multiple published articles about the advantages and disadvantages between bone-patellar tendon-bone transplants and hamstring tendon transplants for the Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) . There is much difference on which surgical technique is the best pick. Biau, Tournoux, Katashian, Schranz, and Nizard ( 2006 ) suggest that bone-patellar tendon-bone transplants are still preferred because it offers better stableness over hamstring tendon transplants which have lower morbidity or complications after surgery. Research by Poolam, Farrokhyar, and Bhandari ( 2007 ) found grounds that agrees with Biau et Al. ( 2006 ) that hamstring tendon transplants consequence in decreased morbidity but showed consequences that weakens the grounds that bone-patellar tendon-bone transplants provide better stableness. However, many restrictions for this research subject exist. Some factors include sawboness with more expertness in one of the two techniques, grade of articulatio genus flexure, tenseness applied to the transplant at clip of arrested development, bone to cram versus sinew to cram healing, and rehabilitation. The quality and efficaciousness of each of the tests may be subjective so it is hard to come to a unequivocal decision. This paper will merely show and compare the findings of each of the research articles. The ACL is a really of import ligament which helps link the castanetss of the articulatio genus articulation and is the most often injured ligament of the articulatio genus ( Andrade, Cohen, Picarro, & A ; Silva, 2002 ) . The ACL provides stableness for the articulatio genus and decreases force per unit area on the articulatio genus articulation. It limits anterior interlingual rendition of the shinbone on a fixed thighbone. It besides limits rotational motions of the articulatio genus. A tear to the ACL consequences from pulling of this ligament normally due to a sudden halt and distortion of the articulatio genus or a force to the anterior articulatio genus ( Anderson, Hall, & A ; Martin, 2005 ) . The ligament can be torn partly or wholly. Normally surgery is required to mend a lacerate ACL. There are a figure of techniques to make so but the two most used techniques are the bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasty, which use the in-between tierce of the patientaa‚Â ¬a„?s patellar sinew, and the hamstring sinew autoplasty, which uses portion of the patientaa‚Â ¬a„?s semitendinosus or gracilis sinew. It is debatable as to which technique yields the best consequences in concern with healing and chronic complications. Research by Aglietti, Giron, Buzzi, Biddau, & A ; Sasso ( 2004 ) was in favour of utilizing the patellar sinew for surgery and found that there was a tendency toward better stableness in the bone-patellar tendon-bone group became significant. A higher rate of articulatio genus instability in the hamstring sinew group was attributed to inadequate transplant arrested development. The patients that had the transplant fixed with a spiked washer and a cortical prison guard had stableness comparable with that of the bone-patellar tendon-bone group. Despite these differences, the consequences concluded that when accurate and proved surgical and rehabilitation techniques are used, both bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasties and hamstring autoplasties are tantamount options for ACL Reconstruction. Although, with bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasties, hurting with kneeling and reduced sensitiveness in the anterior articulatio genus was reported. Besides, there was a higher prevalence of femor al tunnel widening with hamstring tendon autoplasties. Harmonizing to Biau et Al. ( 2006 ) bone-patella-bone autoplasties are presently popular becauseAA they are thought to give a higher per centum of articulatio genus stableness with a higher rate of return to pre-injury athleticss. The most common ailment of this process is anterior articulatio genus hurting when kneeling. The consequences showed that hamstring tendon transplants typically have a faster recovery and less articulatio genuss pain with kneeling but may see a lessening in hamstring strength. An article by Andrade et Al. ( 2002 ) which favored bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasties found that quadriceps strength was ever worse than the uninvolved leg. Thigh perimeter and hamstrings: quadriceps ratio and were besides well lower on the involved leg, 60 % , when compared to the uninvolved leg, 90 % . This damage was attributed to the usage of the patellar sinew for the surgical process because it causes harm and failing in the extensor mechanism of the articulatio genus. Feller, Siebold, & A ; Webster ( 2004 ) suggest that some writers believe ACL Reconstruction utilizing hamstring tendon autoplasties are non every bit good as bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasties, while still others suggest that hamstring tendon autoplasties are preferred. However, their research found that both methods of ACL Reconstruction give satisfactory consequences but hamstring tendon autoplasties are associated with fewer symptoms, a greater return to pre-injury degree of activity, and higher quality of life tonss. Research by Poolman et Al. ( 2007 ) concluded by sensitiveness analysis that hamstring tendon autoplasties cut down anterior articulatio genus hurting and have lower morbidity. This decision is besides supported by Biau et Al. ( 2006 ) which found that patients who received hamstring sinew autoplasties reported fewer anterior articulatio genus symptoms and extensor failing than patients with a bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasty. Zelle et Al. ( 2006 ) confirmed through the usage of corpses that ACL Reconstruction utilizing hamstring tendon autoplasties provide better anterior stableness than bone-patellar tendon-bone transplants. The research seems to demo that in the bulk of the instances, utilizing hamstring tendon autoplasties in ACL Reconstruction surgery may be a more efficient surgical technique than bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasties in some instances. Although the research has been done, bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasties are the more popular and often used process. Some believe in biological advantages like mending from sinew to cram in hamstring tendon autoplasties takes longer to mend than bone to cram in bone-patellar tendon-bone autoplasties ( Aglietti et al. , 2004 ) . Another ground may be because hamstring tendon autoplasties are a newer technique and the sawbones is more comfy and has more experience with other techniques. A successful recovery depends on more than which surgical process was used. Complications can happen and non every surgery has the same consequences as the following. Even though much of the research tends to be nonreversible, it is hard to do an accurate determination on which process is more efficient in footings of stableness and morbidity, particularly with so many different variables to see. Aglietti et Al. ( 2004 ) stated that it is non possible to clearly demo that one transplant is better than the other. The pick of the transplant should be made on the patientaa‚Â ¬a„?s penchants and on the surgical technique in which the sawbones is skilled. It is more likely that the quality of surgical technique, transplant arrested development, and rehabilitation are more of import than the transplant pick in ACL Reconstruction.

CIMA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

CIMA - Essay Example (Brian 2003, p. 68) Outsourcing can be defined as the process of transferring responsibilities of a specific business functions from an â€Å"employee group† to a â€Å"non-employee group.† simply it is the transfer of functions from their function center in the organization to a function center outside the organization. It is integrated in many business strategies due to it’s seemingly benefit of cutting down cost through economies of scale. One of the most important features of outsourcing is the transfer of control. The buyer or the non-employee group doest not retain the power to instruct the supplier or the company on how the task is to be performed. Outsourcing differs from other forms of business control in that the company retains the power to dictate how it wants the whole process to be carried out. Both parties makes agreement on how the whole process will be carried out and what the process is supposed to achieve at the end of the exercise. (Thomas 1996, p. 15) It is based on mutual agreement which may be carried out physically or through other medium of communication. Outsourcing has been taking place across continents with companies moving to areas with low labour laws in a bid to exploit the benefits of cost reduction. However the concept of outsourcing has been claimed as not efficient by many people though many companies has reportedly adopted the benefits they have seen in the process. This paper will look closely into the aspect of outsourcing, it benefits and whether companies which have adopted the concept have achieved the benefit. (Mitchell 2007, p. 23) Many companies carry out outsourcing to meet the objectives that are drafted in its strategies. The motivation to outsource comes from the experience that a company had but the whole concept is implemented with an aim of achieving multiple benefits. At a glance most

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Humanities - Essay Example nd noting their increasing wealth, decided to tax the military widows.(Fant 1982) Initially the women accepted this even though it was an obvious case of taxation without representation. However, by 195 B.C. this emergency was over and unlike the provinces, Rome refused to repeal this Oppian Law. Nevertheless, after a demonstration by thousands of affected women supported by sympathetic tribunes they did repeal it. Later in 42 B.C. again an attempt was made to impose similar taxation.(Letkowitz 1982)However, this time it was to pay for a civil war against a rebellious faction. Hortensia was the first female to speak at a Tribunal in the Forum, and was able to successfully argue that women should not be required to pay taxes to support killing of their husbands and fathers. and thereby significantly reduce the pool of women subject to the tax. Aside from Hortensia, the Sabine women must be considered as icons of Ancient Rome (historylink102.com). In fact legend indicates that but for them the Roman Empire may not have ensued. Initially mainly men settled in this rough city, so Romulus devised a plan to attract women to grow Rome’s population. He invited a nearby tribe, the Sabines to a festival inside the city, where the men were attacked and many killed and the women abducted and raped. The surviving Sabine men later returned to Rome under King Titus to retrieve their women, but they were happy with their new lives in Rome and negotiated a truce with the Sabines and Romans uniting and sharing power in Rome for years to follow. The Forum demonstrations illustrate how women even without legal powers were able to use their newly acquired economic leverage craved by the state to pressure it to enact policies more favorable to their interests. On an individual level, wives of high ranking officials, including the emperor, could also exert some influence, although sometimes as in the case of Agrippina, this could be for purely selfish, evil personal motives. (She

I will UPLOAD loms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

I will UPLOAD loms - Essay Example The group achieved 98.435 instead of the planned 53000 pounds. In the analysis there was failure in achieving the objectives that were set by the group. The approaches otherwise could be adjusted to bring out the desired results due to the objectives that were aimed by the group The objectives that were set by the group was to achieve during the month of running the company was the performance measures that will allow the ability to deliver the products on time and keep customers satisfied by the number and amount of penalties that they paid. The objective was however not achieved due to the factors that the group did not consider. The important aspects that was neglected by the group in the approach includes forecasting, planning and also ordering of enough inventory that was needed in the production to have just in time delivery to the orders that were give. The group did not order enough during the first three weeks and led to suffering of the inventory especially raw materials. Since the group was bound by own raw materials available in their inventory, the group could not produce more than the minimum quantity even if the demand that week required it to. Thus the group did not manage the inventory as well it should have been managed. The strengths that the group managed is together with coinciding with the actual peak in the last month of the game which was luck in the trying to chase the week. Due to the unfulfilled orders in the approaches, high unit cost and penalty charges, the group ran bankrupt. A strength came when after the situation there was plan of the next move which was done carefully and this enabled the coming out of the bankruptcy in the next one week and even came up with a profit in the week. Forecasting as an element was not used in the approach by the group. The element was necessary in the approach since it would make the group plan the production, tell the peak and purchase more

Chain-growth polymerization reactions Lab Report

Chain-growth polymerization reactions - Lab Report Example Chain growth polymerization occurs in distinctive steps. The first step involves chain initiation in which an initiator commences the chemical process. The next step involves chain elongation followed by chain transfer. Chain transfer concludes the chain after which the active site is moved to the new chain. Polymers, solvents and monomers can facilitate this. This processes leads to an increase in the branching of the ensuing polymer. Chain termination occurs as the last step through disproportion or combination. Termination in fundamental polymerization occurs when free radicals combine. The active center for a chain growth polymerization can assume the state of a free radical in the corresponding polymerization. Radical polymerization in this case involves the successive addition of radical building blocks. This can occur through several mechanisms, which involve different initiator molecules (Wünsch 131). After the generation process, the initiating radical adds monomer units, which leads to the growth of the polymer. Chain growth polymerization such as radical polymerization reactions leads to the generation of different material composites and polymers. Radical polymerization involves different initiators such as thermal decomposition in which the bond is homolytically cleaved leading to the production of two radicals. Photolysis involves the use of radiation in cleaving bonds homolytically. The initiation step is followed by the propagation in which the polymer increases its chain length. The termination process follows unless the reaction has contaminants, which can contribute to the addition of monomers (Richardson, and Erik 92). Chain transfer occurs as the last step, which leads to the destruction of a radical and construction of another radical. However, the new radical usually does not have propagation capabilities. Chain growth polymerization leads to the formation of an elevated molecular weight polymer at low conversion. In this case, the

Relevancy of Effective Personal Health Care Communication Term Paper

Relevancy of Effective Personal Health Care Communication - Term Paper Example It has been noticed that the cases of patient complaints are likely to be lowered when effective communication activities are maintained between the service providers and the patients. It facilitates them to identify the problems faced by the patients and assists them in solving problems in a better way. Therefore, it can be stated that effective communication enhances the overall quality of care as well as the services provided by the several caregivers to the patients, and improves the satisfaction level of patients (BA & OO, 2012). Healthcare communications have a significant influence on the health outcome of individuals. It facilitates the individuals to get aware of the health hazards that they might face, and also educates them about the preventive measures which should be taken in order to minimize as well as eliminate the chances of health problems to occur. Healthcare communications provide various means for the individuals to be healthy by providing adequate knowledge to the individuals about the nutritional necessity of human body and facilitate them to lead a healthy life. This type of communication activities can also educate the individuals about the adverse effects of consuming alcohol and other such drugs. It aids individuals in minimizing the consumption of alcohol and other similar drugs. Furthermore, healthcare communications aid in improving quality of services rendered to the patient and also ensures safety of the patients (National Business Group on Health, 2012). Ineffective communications have several significant effects on health outcomes. Certain researches carried out during the period 1995 to 2005 have revealed the fact that ineffective communication has been the major cause in almost 66% percent of the medical miscalculations (Institute for Healthcare Communication, 2012). Furthermore, it has also been noticed that ineffective communication acted as a cause for physical and emotional injury to the patients.

Barbie Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Barbie Assignment - Essay Example One of the arguments against girls playing with Barbie dolls is that by â€Å"dramatizing stereotypical feminine roles during play, girls will internalize† (Kuther & Mcdonald 39) and later strive to personify such roles. Boys do not wish to be seen playing with dolls, hence Barbies’ impact on them is less. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate Barbie dolls and their impact on oneself, as an essential area of gender and sexual studies. One’s Personal Perceptions of Barbie as a Child and Adolescent Though boys generally would not dream of playing with Barbies, most have experiences of some kind of destructive play with a Barbie belonging to their siblings or friends. As a child and while growing up, I had a fascination for the perfectly formed Barbie doll that my younger sister would dress in garments she stitched on her own. As a ten year old, she played imaginatively with her doll, and was proud to display it with her handiwork, of what sh e believed was high-fashion wear fit for the runways of Paris and Milan. Being her brother a couple of years older to her, I took immense pleasure in hiding her doll in inaccessilbe places, rolling it in mud, or coloring her hair with multi-colored inks, to horrify my kid sister. This would result in her crying and reporting to our parents, which would inevitably lead to some kind of punishment for me. However, her look of utter shock over my destructive work would give me immense satisfaction. The demolition was in a way related to the fact that the perfectly formed adult shape of Barbie made me uneasy. Hence I considered destructive measures to be a good way to display my disdain for all things feminine and attractive. This natural impulse that boys have is reiterated by Kuther and Mcdonald (p.46) who state that torture play with Barbies is commonly reported by boys. Another reason was my wish to teach my kid sister a lesson for having to baby sit her for short durations while I w ould have preferred to join my friends’ boisterous outdoor games. This destructive phase however, did not last long, and I stopped harassing her due to parental imposition. Girls in relation to their experiences with Barbie doll play are found to have long-lasting outcomes resulting from the unrealistically ideal body shape of the doll. It is widely argued that girls are severely constrained and even subjugated by the â€Å"rigid boundaries of normative femininity as well as the patriarchal and overly sexualized portrayals of females in Western cultures† (Ivashkevich 40). This is further rooted in the fact that the female body is checked, obsessed over, beautified and objectified through the media and other cultural products and discourses. In rebellion, girls are also stated to innovatively and imaginatively transform existing cultural texts and artifacts created for their consumption, not content to passively internalize cultural norms and values. On the other hand, one of the approaches that girls have towards their childhood play with Barbie dolls is a practical one, as revealed by Reid-Walsh and Mitchell (p.175). They state that they grew up loving the doll, and her exaggerated proportions made no difference to them. Further, they believe that those who consider Barbie dolls to be the root of their eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa should look into themselves for the causes,

Film Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Film Reaction Paper - Essay Example better and even if he knew that he would be fired and that he was bound by a confidentiality agreement, he still blew the whistle on the tobacco companies. Secondly, the character of Al Pacino, Lowell Bergman also made an ethical decision. His company CBS and the management of the program ’60 Minutes’ did not want him to air Jeffrey Wigand interview where Wigand told the truth about tobacco and cigarette smoking. He felt that the company was being manipulated by the possible lawsuit of Brown & Williamson in the event that CBS would air the Wigand interview; under this threat, Bergman protested against the actions of his management and his program. He believed that they were allowing the integrity of the program to be compromised by the rich and powerful companies. Bergman was also forced to compromise his agreement with Wigand to air the interview, and this violated the trust which Wigand placed on Bergman. In order to finally air the interview, Bergman applied some une thical practices by going to other media personalities and to have them write a story about CBS being controlled by a tobacco-company. This did not bode well for his smooth relations with his colleagues in 60 Minutes and in CBS. This eventually led to his resignation from CBS citing the fact that he could not anymore have the same integrity among his sources because he could not promise that they would not be left in the lurch after providing him with crucial information. Lastly, the acts of the heads of the tobacco company in giving false testimony to the Congress on the effects of tobacco, the intimidation tactics they applied on Wigand and his family, and the strong-arm techniques they applied to CBS and 60 Minutes are just some of the many unethical decisions and practices applied by Brown and Williamson. All in all, under these considerations, the movie illustrates clear incidents of ethical (and unethical) decision-making

Financial Theories Overview Essay Example for Free

Financial Theories Overview Essay costs of capital to a firm would remain the same no matter what combination of financing sources the firm actually chose (Miller, 2001, p. 185). The dividend proposition overcomes objection to leverage proof. | 3. Agency Cost Theory I Michael Jensen and William Meckling define agency costs as the costs associated with cooperative effort by human beings, which arises when the principal hires an agent to carry out duties Oensen, 2005). Conflicts of interest between management and shareholders are inevitable and can cause a potential loss in value of public corporations (Chew, 2001). For example, shareholders may want management to increase shareholder value, but management may grow the business to increase personal power and wealth (Chew, 2001). | Enrons company was worth $30 billion and senior managers tried to defend a $40 billion of excess valuation. Ultimately Enron executives destroyed the company by trying to fool the markets through accounting manipulations, hiding debt through off-balance sheet partnerships, and over hyped new ventures such as their broadband futures effort Oensen, 2005, pp. 10-11). John Roth, former chief executive officer (CEO) of Nortel, wrote off most cquisitions, when stock price crashed and closed down activities, which resulted in the destruction of not only the corporate value but also the social value of the company Oensen, 2005). Finance scholars found a reduction in conflict of interest between management and shareholders because of: (1) product market competition and a market for executive labor

Behaviorism. Neo Behaviorism and Gestalt Psychology

Behaviorism. Neo Behaviorism and Gestalt Psychology John B. Watson (1878 1958) was known as the father of behaviorism. Watson did not believe that the definition of psychology was the science of the mind. He believed that psychology should be viewed as a purely objective experimental branch of natural science and that the goal of the psychologist is not to understand the mind but to understand behavior. (Wozniak, 1997) Watsons studied behavioristic psychology in neonates at the Phipps Psychiatric Clinic in Baltimore. Hothersall stated that Watson found that there were three main classes of emotional responses that were distinguishable in human neonates: fear, rage, and love. These emotions were elicited by a set of certain stimuli. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 471 472) Watson also conducted experiment and believed that children should be kept on a very strict schedule. He believed that children should not be hugged, kissed, and that they should be treated as little adults. (Wozniak, 1997) Watson began research with a child named Albert wh o was a child of one of the nurses in the Hospital. Albert was chosen because of his temperament. Watson wanted to study conditioning behavior of fear in a child. He wanted to see if a child could be conditioned to fear, the reconditioned to resolve tat same fear. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 472) Watsons behavior conditioning of fear was a success and was a widely known research project. He had now proved that fear can be acquired through conditioning and that most fear was probably acquired through a constant exposure. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 474) Albert was removed from the program by his mother before he could be reconditioned to not fear the animals that he were conditioned to fear. Eventually, Watson discovered a new subject whose fears were actually similar to little Alberts fears. Watson and his assistant Jones began to use conditioning methods on Peter to cure him of his fears. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 477) Peters conditioning went from fear to indifference to him being fond of rabbits . Watson kept in touch with Peter and his family and Peter remained found of rabbits for quite some time after the direct conditioning had finished. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 478) After Watsons forced resignation from Johns Hopkins Department of Psychology, he went to work in advertising. Because he understood advertising from a psychologist view, he was able to apply his behaviorist psychology to advertising and use behaviorism to sell products. He was able to use demographics surveys to target consumers. Watson was a very successful advertiser and was also the first to use radio effectively for advertising. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 476 477) Watson was a very successful advertiser but was never able to return to academics which was his love. 2. Compare and Contrast the Little Albert and Peter case studies. Watsons study of children led him to the two case studies of fear in children. Watsons research with children began at the Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic in Baltimore in 1916. Adolf Meyer was sympathetic to Watsons behaviorism and allowed him to set up a research laboratory at the clinic where he studied child development. At Phipps he studied more than 500 infants. He studied their reflexes and emotional reactions. He believed that the newborns had a number of reflexes but only 3 main classes of emotional responses: fear, rage, and love. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 471) Watson experimented with a normal developing baby at an invalid hospital whose mother was a nurse at the hospital. Watson wanted to see if he could condition the child to elicit a fear response. First he began to create a fear in the child by striking a pole with a hammer until the child became afraid of the sound. Once Little Albert was afraid of the sound, Watson paired the sound to an animal that Little Albert was not afraid of. Whenever Little Albert would reach for the animal, the experimenter would strike the pole with the hammer. At first, little Albert would pull away from the animal. By the third attempt to pair the animal with the sound, Little Albert would cry. Once he elicited the responses that Watson was hoping for, Watson would then begin to introduce more animals to see if Little Alberts fear would cross over from animal to the other. The experimenter would now introduce other animals and objects to Little Albert. Watson received the results that he was looking for. Although Little Albert never finished the study, the Little Albert study is extremely important in psychology. The research conducted on Little Albert had a tremendous effect on the world. Watsons research and experiments continue to influence psychology and therapy. (Little Albert, 2009) Because Little Albert didnt complete the study, Watson was left without a subject and without the result he was looking for in order to show that people can also be conditioned to not fear. The case of Peter made it possible for the experiment to continue where Dr. Watson had left off. First Watson would have to condition Peter to not fear a stimulus. Once the fear of the stimuli was gone, he would have to test to see if the resolution of the fear of that stimulus had transferred to his fear of other stimuli. (Green, 2001) Peter was overly afraid of a white rat which transferred to a white rabbit, a fur coat, a feather, and cotton wool. Te begin unconditioning Peter, he was shown a white rat. When he was shown the rat while sitting in the crib, he begins to cry. Afterwards, Peter was sat in a chair as he watched one of the experimenters handle the rat without fear. Peter was then gradually exposed to a white rabbit. Tolerance began with stage A bringing the rabbit into the room in a cage to stage F being free in the room to stage Q nibbling on Peters fingers. These degrees of toleration were represented in stages i n which the improvement or tolerance occurred. Some things that the stages did not show was the set-backs that Peter experienced such as a sudden change or fear of the rabbit again or the longer time it would take to reach the next stage. (Green, 2001) Watson and Jones research and experiments with Peter found that the most effective method for overcoming fear was direct conditioning to that fear. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 477) 3. What are the major tenants of Gestalt psychology as developed by Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka? How do their ideas oppose those of Watsons Behaviorism? Initially the three founders of Gestalt (meaning shape or form) Psychology, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler were all German Psychologist whose interest included perception, learning, problem solving, and cognition. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 207) Max Wertheimer (1880 1943) was a young Jewish boy whose parents sent him to study at a Catholic Gymnasium. They also taught him Hebrew and the Torah while at home. His parents bought him the collective works of Baruch Spinoza, a philosopher. He attended the University of Prague where he studied law. He became interested in Psychology and studied under Stumpf at the University of Berlin. He received his Doctorial degree under Kulpe at the University of Wurzburg. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 208) Kurt Koffka (1886 1941) was born in Berlin and attended the University of Berlin and earned his PhD in 1909. Koffka had studied movement phenomena under Stumpf at the University of Berlin. (Green, 2000) Wolfgang Kohler (1887 1967) was born in Reval and earned his PhD in 1909 at the University of Berlin under Stumpf. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 209) As Rallman stated, Gestalt is the German word for form, and as it applied in Gestalt psychology it means unified whole or configuration. The essential point of gestalt is that in perception the whole is different from the sum of its parts. (Rallman, 2010) Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka began working together after Wertheimer consulted with Professor Schumann of the Psychological Institute at the University of Frankfurt about some questions that he had. Wertheimer wanted to know where movement came from. His work with Kohler and Koffka led to phi phenomenon and the 4 principles of Gestalt Theory (Holistic Thinking, Phenomenological Basis, Methodology, and Isomorphism). (Hothersall, 2004, p. 209) Gestalt Psychology differed from Behaviorism because behaviorism was founded on the ideas that people can change their behaviors. Its basis is that the person can control the mind and their behavior. Gestalt psychology grew out of perceptual theories and its basis is looks at the human mind an d behavior as a whole. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 209-211) The basis of Gestalt Theory is that the form is always a constant. No matter how the sensation or surroundings change, the form remains constant. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 207 208) 4. Outline the major ideas of the Neo-Behaviorists: Tolman, Guthrie, Hull, and Skinner. Edward Chace Tolman (1886 1959) was a Psychologist born in Massachusetts and the brother of a famous Physicist. Tolman received his Bachelors from MIT, but didnt want to feel like he was following in his brothers footsteps. He changed universities to Harvard University where he studied Philosophy and Psychology. He received his PhD in Psychology in 1915. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 487-488) Tolmans theory of Neo-behaviorism is rooted in Gestalt psychology and Behaviorism. Edwin Ray Guthrie (1886 1959) was an American Philosopher and Behaviorist Psychologist. Guthrie showed academic talent even as a young boy. Guthrie was a mathematics major at the University of Nebraska and received his Masters and PhD in Philosophy. (Hothersall, 2004, p 496) Guthries most important contribution to psychology was his theory of learning or what he called his point of view or his rudiments of a system of learning. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 498) In his book, The Psychology of Learning, he stated that the principle of contiguity in similar words: a combination of stimuli which has accompanied a movement will on its recurrence tend to be followed by that movement. (Hothersall, 2004, p 499-500) Guthries work played an important part in understanding all the processes that take place as people develop the knowledge and develop the skills which help them to interact successfully with the environment and with the people around them. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 499) Clark Leonard Hull (1884 1952) attended a one room school where he took all of the courses and taught there for a year. As a child he had a strong need to succeed. Because of his need to succeed, he spent long hours working and studying. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 504) After taking a one year break due a typhoid infection, Hull entered the Alma College studying mining engineering. After his second year at Alma College, he has a severe attack of poliomyelitis which left one of his legs paralyzed. Because of his paralysis, Hull would not be able to have a successful career as a mining engineer and decided to study either religion or psychology. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 504-505) Hull graduated from the University of Michigan with a BA degree and a year later he entered the University of Wisconsin where he was assigned as a research assistant to Joseph Jastrow. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 505) While Hulls work on aptitude and hypnosis was important, his attempt to develop a comprehensive behavior sy stem was his most important contribution. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 506) His work was cited in the American Journal of Experimental Psychology more than any other Psychologist from 1949 1952. Hulls contributions were recognized by his colleagues and he attained the presidency of the American Psychological Association as well as being elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1936. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 513) Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904 1990) attended Hamilton College in Upstate New York and aspired to be a writer. After graduating, he set-up a study and spent a year trying to write. At the end of the year, he concluded that he had nothing to write and begin a new career. Skinner purchased Watsons books on Behaviorism. After Skinner read Pavlovs book, he decided that his future was in psychology. (Hothersall, 2004, p. 515) He invented the operant conditioning chamber and developed his own philosophy of science. Skinners radical behaviorism sought to understand reinforcement on behaviors. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 517 519) To Skinner, reinforcement is integral in the shaping of a persons behavior. Skinners radical behaviorism and operant conditioning is used in child rearing, teaching, and business now. (Hothersall, 2004, pp. 524 528)

Frankenstein :: essays research papers

1. List the title and author of the work you read.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frankenstein by Mary Shelley 2. Briefly describe the plot (action) of the work. What happens?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Walton (the first narrator) finds Victor Frankenstein adrift in the Arctic. After a week’s recovery Frankenstein tells his story. As Victor was growing up he had always been interested in alchemy and pseudo-sciences. He hoped to one day to be able overcome death and decay. Victor learned how to create life in the laboratory and collected parts from cadavers to create his creature. After giving his creation life, he was horrified and fled. He was hidden away for two years, then received a letter telling of his little brother’s death. He suspected the creature, but the police suspected a female friend of his family’s and hanged her. One day the being found Victor and told him of his survival and his knowledge. He requested Victor make him a companion and in return they would flee away never to be seen again. He eventually agrees to make the â€Å"bride,† but after much pondering destroys all the work he had done. The â€Å"monster † curses Frakenstein assuring revenge on his wedding night. Later another of his friends turns up dead. Victor still made plans to marry Elizabeth with whom he was raised. On their wedding night she is strangled by the monster. He follows the monster pledging to destroy it. The story leads to where he is taken aboard the ship. Soon after the story Victor dies. The monster s discovered on board and announces his plans to kill himself. 3. How would you describe the author’s style? Examine the way the author writes, considering word choice, point of view, structure, special techniques (i.e., symbolism).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I really liked the way Shelley told the story from different points of view. She made the story whole by telling what Victor thought and what the creature thought. I also liked the way she didn’t just dive right into the central story, but laid out an outer frame. Shelley tries to make an easily read story by telling it from all angles and makes it a little different with the story inside of the story. 4. Was this an easy work to read? Why or why not?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe it was easily read. There was no overly difficult language. If you did have to pause in the middle of the story it was easily picked up again without rereading sections a couple times.

barnes and noble Essay -- essays research papers

Barnes & Noble does business -- big business -- by the book. As the #1 bookseller in the US, it operates about 650 superstores throughout 49 states and the District of Columbia under the banners Barnes & Noble, Bookstop, and Bookstar, as well as about 200 mall stores using the names B. Dalton, Doubleday, and Scribner's. The company's GameStop subsidiary is the #1 US video game retailer with about 1,500 stores under the names Babbage's Etc., GameStop, and FuncoLand. Barnes & Noble owned about 75% of online book seller barnesandnoble.com after purchasing Bertelsmann's interest in 2003; Barnes & Noble then purchased all remaining shares and took the company private in May 2004. Barnes & Noble dates back to 1873 when Charles Barnes went into the used-book business in Wheaton, Illinois. By the turn of the century, he was operating a thriving bookselling operation in Chicago. His son William took over as president in 1902. William sold his share in the firm in 1917, to C. W. Follett, who later built Follett Corp, and moved to New York City, where he bought an interest in established textbook wholesalers Noble & Noble. The company was soon renamed Barnes & Noble. It first sold mainly to colleges and libraries, providing textbooks and opening a large Fifth Avenue shop. Over the next three decades, Barnes & Noble became one of the leading booksellers in the New York region. Freshman Leonard Riggio, who worked at a New York University bookstore to help pay for night school. He studied engineering but got the itch for bookselling. In 1965, at age 24, he borrowed $5,000 and opened Student Book Exchange NYC, a college bookstore. Beginning in the late 1960s, he expanded by buying other college bookstores. In 1971 Riggio paid $1.2 million for the Barnes & Noble store on Fifth Avenue. He soon expanded the store, and in 1974 he began offering jaw-dropping, competitor-maddening discounts of up to 40% for best-sellers. Acquiring Marboro Books five years later, the company entered the mail-order and publishing business. By 1986 Barnes & Noble had grown to about 180 outlets, which included 142 college bookstores. Along with Dutch retailer Vendex, that year it bought Dayton Hudson's B. Dalton mall bookstore chain, forming BDB Holding Corp. In 1989 the company acquired the Scribner's Bookstores trade name and the Bookstop and Bookstar su... ... the company, including all of the voting power of Barnes & Noble College Bookstores, a private textbook seller. The company is spinning off its GameStop subsidiary. In early October GameStop purchased some six million shares back from Barnes & Noble. On November 2 Barnes & Noble distributed the remaining shares it had in GameStop in a dividend to its shareholders. Business Wire, November 3, 2004 Wednesday, 1:30 PM GMT, 748 words, Barnes & Noble to Open New Store at 30500 State Highway 181, Spanish Fort, Alabama; New Bookstore Debuts on No Copyright 2004 Business Wire, Inc. Business Wire November 3, 2004 Wednesday 1:30 PM GMTDISTRIBUTION: Business Editors; Community Editors LENGTH: 748 words HEADLINE: Barnes & Noble to Open New Store at 30500 State Highway 181, Spanish Fort, Alabama; New Bookstore Debuts on November 17 DATELINE: NEW YORK Nov. 3, 2004 BODY:vember 17 , NEW YORK Nov. 3, 2004 2. Copyright 2004 The New York Times Company The New York Times September 9, 2004 Thursday Late Edition – Final SECTION: Section E; Column 1; The Arts/Cultural Desk; Pg. 1 LENGTH: 931 words HEADLINE: Huge Book Retailer Expands Its Publishing Role BYLINE: By EDWARD WYATT

Armenian Genocide Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Can you imagine yourself living during the time that WWI was going on? I’m pretty sure you’d be terrified to even walk out of your house. Like it wasn’t bad enough that the whole world was at each other’s throat, but to know that your country may be at the hands of another leader. A leader who may have different perspectives on every day life, with the benefit of doubt that it may be extremely foreign to you, is pretty scary. I’m pretty sure that it would make you or anyone else feel extremely unsafe and uncomfortable. But imagine being unaware of the underlying plan to â€Å"cleanse† your ethnic group. The Armenian people faced this situation during the time of WWI. Life between the Turks (Armenia’s rival) and the Armenians was very complex. Not all Armenians hated the Turks, and not all Turks hated the Armenians. Consequently, the Armenian people were not aware of any forms of annihilation that were being plotted at the time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What exactly is the definition of a Genocide According to the World Book Dictionary, genocide means: The systematic extermination or destruction of a political, racial, or cultural group1. When the word genocide is brought up, many people usually think of the Holocaust. Although the Holocaust was a massive tragedy, many don’t recall the Armenian Genocide. The Armenian Genocide was just as terrifying as the Holocaust, and we should commemorate this tragedy. The people who are held responsible for this tragedy are a young group of Turks. Their plan was to exterminate all of the Armenian population. The Turks desired a Turkish State that extended to Central Asia, and thus to carry through the unity of the Turkish speaking people. This creation of such a state would create what they call â€Å"Pan-Turkism†2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Armenians had their first taste of aggression by the Turks on April 24, 19153. Three hundred Armenian leaders, writers, thinkers, and professionals in Constantinople were imprisoned in many parts of Turkey without any advanced warning. Shortly after they were imprisoned, they were brutally tortured and beaten by the Turkish authorities. Other methods of brutality included pulling out fingernails, teeth, and beards, branding on the chest with hot horseshoes and raising the feet abo... ...everal facts that backed up my thesis. My sixth grade teacher once told me that a genocide seeks no difference between men and women, between children and adults. That it understands no righteousness and tolerates no principle which invests life with meaning and individuals with rights. The Turks believed it was okay to kill a Armenian and to get away with it. They believed that it was okay to starve them and send them on â€Å"death marches†. They believed it was okay to rape the women, and it was okay to kill the men as well as the children. The Armenians were not humans in their eyes, they were considered animals, or even objects. Mechanically operated robots of some sort, who were expected to walk practically-forever, in the middle of a deserted desert with nothing living within hundreds of miles away. No one to witness the killings. No one to hear their cries for help. No one to come and rescue them. And the Turks are blameworthy. Between 1915-1923, more than one million Armenian lives were taken. It is described as the first genocide in the twentieth century. The people of Armenia suffered prolong despair, devastation, torture, and brutality that will remain in history forever.

Of Mice and Men Emotions

In the following essay I will be writing about and exploring what emotions Steinbeck conveys in his novella ‘of mice and men’. The novella was the second of Steinbeck’s ‘dustbowl’ trilogy. These books were based on Steinbeck’s own first hand experience against the back drop of depression-era America where he became concerned with the exploitation of migrant workers and exposing the institutionalized prejudices ( racism, ageism and sexism) of the migrant workers themselves, hence the trilogy.The novella shows an effective state of consciousness in which joy, fear, sorrow and hate is experienced as distinguished from cognitive and volitional state of consciousness. The main theme/ emotion that are conveyed are loneliness. Steinbeck uses many different linguistic language techniques to depict this. These include: adverbs, speech verbs, imperative verbs, adjectives, abstract nouns, rhetorical questions and many more. However the opening of the nove lla displays a bond of friendship and mutual understanding shown by George and lennie.Steinbeck writes â€Å"he pulled his hat down a little more over his eyes the way George’s hat was. † Our immediate interpretation is that Lennie looks up to George as a role model, the quote â€Å"way George’s hat was† infers that Lennie looks up to George as someone who can guide him and teach him much like a younger brother’s attitude would be towards an older sibling. Steinbeck writes â€Å"Lennie looked timidly over to him. â€Å"George? † â€Å"Yeah, what ya want? † â€Å"Where we goin’ George? †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"So you forgot that already did you? † this implies that without George, Lennie would be hopeless and would get no where because he would always be lost. When Lennie says â€Å"where we goin’† he sounds slightly worried, this will be because he knows that George will get angry at him because he is constan tly having to remind him on the objective. The word â€Å"already† suggests that Lennie is always forgetting things and George is getting more and more fed up. The adverb â€Å"timidly† implies that George often gets angry with Lennie and now Lennie has learnt to approach him differently when he is angry so he won’t get as upset.This implies their friendship is strong as they know how to approach each other showing an almost brotherly relationship. This also depicts Georges frustration and anger towards lennie however, unlike other migrant workers at the time, it does not come from the face the he is lonely and isolated but because of the fact the he someone there for him that he can talk to. George says â€Å"where the hell would you go? † the fact that this question is rhetorical shows that George knows that it’s an empty threat.However the taboo language â€Å"hell† gives the impression that George is slightly apprehensive and not entirel y convinced. This shows the worry and compassion that he has for lennie, and also showing that not only can lennie not cope without George but George cannot cope without lennie. Steinbeck’s purpose was to show George and Lennie’s bond of friendship and how unlike other migrant workers, their negative emotions does not stem from the fact that they are lonely and isolated but the fact there is a companionship and the sense of a bond between them, showing how strong their bond of friendship really is.

Due Process Model

I believe that the due process model (which puts emphasis on an individuals rights) is essential and should constantly be our primary focus of this criminal justice system, although under the due process model there is a probability of criminals being set free or acquitted due to some technicality where individuals rights had been violated. As humans, we make mistakes and as we grow, we will learn from such mistakes. To affirm that those rights would not be violated again, but to allow a persons to be wrongfully convicted and sent to prison is a mistake that is unforgivable, one that can not be held to the standard â€Å"we live and we learn† and in my opinion, shows our justice system at it’s weakest. The Fourth Amendment posses the right against unreasonable search and seizure and probable cause is set forth so that law enforcement cannot conduct searches without proper evidence. The combination of the due process model and the right against illegal search and seizures will allow for authorities to rightfully obtain the information and evidence required for a conviction without the problem of the direct violation of an individuals rights. The Fifth Amendment declares that, †¦nor shall any person†¦ be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself†¦ â€Å"The right to remain silent. † The accused should not have to testify or say anything that would incriminate them. Under the due process model the accused is â€Å"innocent until proven guilty. If believed to be â€Å"in fact† guilty of a crime, it is law enforcement duty to collect any evidence that would affirm that belief. No person should be forced to self incriminate or to the confession of guild. The Sixth Amendment allows the right to a speedy trial. Unfortunately, this is not usually the case. The system is often under very heavy workloads and the proper preparation of cases. Therefore the accused is unfairly made to wait weeks sometimes months for their trial. Meanwhile the suffering of that individual and their family member increases by the day. With the due process model, those individuals would immediately be brought to trial. The Eighth Amendment apposes the use of cruel and unusual punishment. Once again, and individual is innocent until proven guilty. However, once accused of a crime the stigma is imposed and one will be â€Å"guilty† in some eyes regardless of what has or has not been proven and sometimes, I fear, one would be treated in a cruel and unusual manner. With the due process model, no persons accused would ever be harmed, physical or otherwise in any way.

Ikea Strategic Brand Management

When people talk about furnitures, the first brand which comes to mind is IKEA. Originating from Sweden, IKEA first open shop in 1958, then in Norway in 1963 and soon after, it spread throughout the whole of Europe and thus slowly making its way to the whole world. With their biggest market in Germany with 45 stores followed by United States with 35 stores, now IKEA have 313 stores in 30 countries. (Cult Branding, 2012). Known for its simplistic design which has maximum optimization, IKEA product ranges from not only furniture but also different furniture segments such as kitchen cabinets, build-in wardrobe and much other furniture.IKEA strategic brand management in making the brand such a craze among its customer and thus leading to a brand value which is important for IKEA’s entire product line making IKEA one of the most valuable brand in the furniture niche. A visit to IKEA for either shopping or leisure would reveal several factors on why customers come back over and over again for not only products from IKEA but also the shopping experience from IKEA. Comparing a visit to IKEA with any other furniture outlet is different as one gets the sense of belongingness as the layout of every IKEA store makes one feels homely.It is so that customers can visualize their homes when buying IKEA products. IKEA’s interior designing team designed the rooms or kitchens in a way that people could visualize how their homes will look like before purchasing the product from IKEA making a purchase from IKEA a worthwhile one. Adding to that, IKEA made things different as its furniture and home furnishing shopping is differentiated so well, consumers who wanted specific products from specific departments of the home. Another value added to IKEA’s brand is about the design of the products.Eventhough IKEA’s product design are minimalistic, the products presents itself in an innovative way in such that it does not take much space and yet still being able to function better or on par with what the particular product will do which still look pleasant to house owners or visitors instead of a sore eye. For instance, IKEA’s simple Lackside coffee table might look like a dull one in black and white, but throwing in the colours made it fun to look it although an old school design is used.In a sense, that the designs are modern and traditional with functionality. IKEA’s products always come with a set of instruction manuals that are not complicated and are straightforward making IKEA’s product being easily assemble without much of hassle which in turn keep their prices low and reasonable to the range of products being sold. Making products in such way added value to the brand IKEA as furnitures are often regarded as comes in one piece or do it yourselves which is very difficult to assemble.Having products in low and reasonable price range, it is no surprise that the brand IKEA appeals to most people, primarily to young urban couples or families which do not want to burn a deep hole in their pockets in their investment of their first house. However, this does not mean that people on the middle income or higher income do not buy products from IKEA. IKEA produces products in such it varies in prices depending on its differences. Therefore, the brand IKEA is made stronger by introducing a variety of product ranges with different product prices which caters and fulfill to any level of income consumer’s need in the market.Despite having products at such low prices, this does not show that products sold are not of quality as buyers are given a sense of value to their household items but satisfying the customers saying â€Å"less is more†. Not only that, every single year, IKEA’s product prices are cut down even further which made it favourable for consumers who could not afford to get it the following year, thus making the IKEA brand also a favourable one. Taking things a few steps b ack, most of IKEA’s product are made of wood which somehow does not go well with the word environment in various ways. Therefore, waste reduction is a crucial key in production.IKEA’s designers and engineers strive to reduce the amount of material used and wasted in production of its furnitures. Additionally, many waste products are then used to make new products, which in turn further reducing overall cost both to the pocketbook as well as to the environment. Adding on to this, the Recovery Department is responsible for sorting and recycling all recyclable materials, including packaging broken down in-sotre as well as materials collected from customers at recycling donation bins where available. In conclusion, IKEA’s strategic brand management involves its retail and alue to be seen by consumers all around the world. Using differentiation to its advantage, IKEA differentiates themselves with other big home furnishing and furnishing outlets available such as Big Brand, Darby and Vandrie through products which are innovative, quality and yet low in prices. And thus, living to its tagline â€Å"affordable solutions for better living† says it all. (IKEA 2012) References Cult Branding. (2012). The IKEA Cult Brand Profile. The Cult Branding Company. Retrieved from http://www. cult-branding. com/ikea-cult-brand-profile IKEA (2012). Welcome to IKEA. Retrieved from http://www. ikea. com/

How Significant was the Vietnam War in Stimulating the Protest Culture of the 1960’s?

The popular protest culture that formed within the 1960's, that rebelled against the American traditional system arguably occurred because of the involvement in the Vietnam war from the federal government. Many young student and black Americans specifically, were highly against American intervention, prompting the protest culture.However, other reasons could have prompted this too, like the assassination of Kennedy, more political interest and involvement from young radicals now favouring communist and socialist ideas, and also, arguably the increase in education meaning young adults now didn't have to earn their livings as early on in their lives. Firstly, the Vietnam war was undoubtedly a very significant factor in the increased protests during the 60's.For example, the excessive bombing of North Vietnam lead in 1965 lead to many student protests, as so many civilians including women and children were being purposefully killed in order to ultimately, win the was by flattening Vietn am. This caused outrage amongst the student rebels. In particular, the student rebel group called Students for Democratic Society (SDS) used the Vietnam war to suggest that the US government was corrupt. The cause struck a chord with those at university more so than other groups of people due to the immense number of students that were made to go and fight.The average age of soldiers fighting the Vietnam war for America was 19, meaning almost every student knew someone that had been killed or injured due to the combat they were being forced to take part in. This lead to not only resentment for the war, but also fear that they would be called up to fight, and therefore even more resistance and protesting towards continuing the fight. The war faced huge resistance, and in a way gave the rebels a force and action to fight against. This could be argued as the stimulant for the protests, as they could now use the ideas of the racist, corrupt government with evidence.Many said the Vietnam war was a racist war, and that white America wanted to conquer Asia, as well as attack the gaining black equality within America. This was because in order to avoid ‘the draft' (being called up to fight once a month), many wealthy white Americans would enrol in universities or colleges. This would excuse them from having to fight, unlike other working classes and black Americans, who could simply not afford this escape route as they could not manipulate the system as easily, leading to a hugely disproportionate number fighting being black or working class.This figure was around 80%, increasing the ominous fear in students as the news of the deaths returned. Over 11000 were killed in 67, increasing to 16500 in 68. The many reasons for why the Vietnam war was so hated by many of the protests suggests its significance and its undoubtable impact on the Student Rebels. Although many argue the Vietnam war was the reason for the protests, it could be said that the protest culture wo uld not have happened without a big spark effecting the nation. This was the assassination of president J F Kennedy, who was shot in November 1963 causing deep sadness in much of the population.There were many theories concerning his death that spread around the youths of America, leading to further diminished trust amongst young people. Before the assassination, America was a different place; despite the Vietnam war, many said there was hope in this period, but the hope shattered when he was killed. Questions were raised about US society, as the civil rights movement took over encouraging civil disobedience as they said Kennedy would have wanted this because of his backing of the Freedom Rides.The shock of his death was overwhelming and arguably this caused the most fuel for the counter culture emerging than anything else. Along with the assassination of Martin Luther King and Kennedy, followed by the involvement in the Vietnam war, the impact upon the public was huge, and arguably , it was those drug crazed, protest evolved and in some cases, politically aware teenagers that came from this. However, this is not the only reason for the now more rebellious teenagers of America.As education became increased within a pupils lifetime and schooling lasting longer, many students were turning towards the SDS, who particularly focused on political issues and and came up with ideas for change within America. Many were becoming fed up with the untrustworthy American Federal government,and as this view became wider spread and more popular within the youth culture, many began favouring the idea of communism or a socialist movement. This new left group were key in organising protests and became more and more influential as numbers increased.In October 1963, their total membership was 610, however, after protests of Vietnam they became even more influential and an even more recognisable and known group. Those involved were still in education at various Universities and coll eges, meaning this age when previously they would have to go our and find a job and work to make a living was gone, and instead they could still afford to live off parents money. This split teenagers, some taking a political route, while others became more interested in ‘finding themselves' within the flower power movement.The opportunities for young people opened up within the 60s,and they were no longer held to finding a job and starting the typical American family lifestyle. They now had a time in their life that they could experiment with – possibly with various drugs – and this new sense of freedom and flexibility allowed more time for those wanting to reject the ‘too good' American society have the opportunity to protest. In conclusion, I think the main reason for the sudden development of the protest culture was the Vietnam war, as it gave students a cause to fight because of genuine opposition as well as the opportunity.It was incredibly significant in stimulating the protest culture as they faced the fear of being called up to fight themselves, causing incredible resentment of the war, as well as the arguments the students proposed that the war was indeed racist and the government corrupt. This alone was undoubtedly the most significant factor, although without events like the assassination of JF Kennedy, I do not think the movement would have been so big and influential, as there would have been less people backing the cause.

Analyzing a work of music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyzing a work of music - Essay Example The one event that finally made him finish on a song that he had desired to write the whole of his life was the Russia shooting down the Korean jet flying to Seoul from New York where 269 people, including 63 Americans, died. â€Å"I saw the senseless strike as a personal attack against our countrymen and it moved me to pen to paper† says Greenwood. â€Å"The song came so easily, it nearly wrote itself.† â€Å"I’m from California, and I don’t know anybody from Virginia or New York, so when I wrote it-and my producer and I had talked about it-[we] talked about the four cities I wanted to mention, the four corners of the United States.† The producer however suggested Detroit and Houston because they both were economically part of the basis of the US economy. He says ‘so I just poetically wrote that in the bridge while they chose New York and L.A. (the boot.com) In 2003, the song was performed b the American Idol season two finalists and released as a single, with part of the proceeds going to American Red Cross. It raised 155,000 dollars for the charity though some words were changed such as ‘men’ in ‘and I won’t forget the men who died† was replaced with ‘ones’. It reached number 4 in the ‘hot 100’ and it was certified gold b the RIAA the same year (Keuss, 03-45).

European Union and Ukraine. Eastern Partnership Essay

European Union and Ukraine. Eastern Partnership - Essay Example According to the paper the main factor driving the EU’s interests in Ukraine is energy. The EU Commissioner for external relations and ENP Benita Ferrero-Waldner stated that: â€Å"Energy and energy security have been at the heart of the European integration, energy is a perfect example of common sense driving ENP†. To sum up this perspective, it is clear that rationalism emphasizes that Ukraine’s democratic transformation are not of primary interest for the EU while economic. EU’s interest on energy resources is more important. The paper describes what for Ukraine needs EU and EU needs Ukraine. It shows all pluses and minuses accordig to this. Basically, the discourse used in Eastern Partnership reveals that the promotion of common values and democratic transformation as a first priority. As a framework, EaP is based on a reciprocal commitment between the EU and its neighbors that share common values. Under the Eastern dimension initiative EaP aims to diminish the barriers between a partner country and the EU by building of civil society and a closer co-operation based on common values. Basically, the discourse used in Eastern Partnership reveals that the promotion of common values and democratic transformation as a first priority. Ukraine is expected to gain some privileges out of maintaining bilateral relations as defined under the New Enhanced Agreement. However, Ukraine would remain outside of the enlargement policy. The paper describes a very interesting subject for research.

Public relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Public relations - Essay Example le during crisis management and help in building goodwill about the company to the target market and community through special programs and philanthropic work. In this paper we will specifically talk about the role of crisis management by the public relations specialist. Crisis management is a new field in public relations management. The activities for crisis management should be proactive so that potential forecasts can be recognised and corrective measures can be taken. The basic pattern that is followed is to identify the crisis situation, minimize the effect and recover from the crisis. James E. Lukaszewski, has given seven dimensions to of crisis communication management. These are: Operations; Victims; Trust/credibility; Behaviour; Professional expectations; Ethics; and Lessons learned. The operations dimension includes responses such as: candour, explanation, declaration, contrition, consultation, commitment and restitution. The victim management dimension has cycles and all victims move through these cycles as they resolve the situation. These cycles are: recognition of impact, seeking retribution, and severely distorted recollection. The third dimension is based on trust and credibility. Some behaviour such as explaining problems and the willingness to talk openly, with respecting the victims all illustrate the credibility of the organisation. The behaviour dimension shows us the negative behaviour demonstrated by the companies work against them in crisis situations. These negative behaviours include: inconsistency, little preparation, arrogance, minimizing the needs of the victims and not responding to them. The professional expectation dimension includes the standards involved in the industry. For the food industry there would be standards such as Public Relations Society of Americas (PRSA) Code of Professional Standards and the International Association of Business Communicators (IABC) Code of Ethics for Professional Communicators. In the ethical

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Final Exam - Essay Example Homosexuals and lesbians are allowed to adopt children, while this was never acceptable before the 19th century. Americans came to realize that dissent is good for the nation. Through opposition, the country can identify the areas that need change, and the right direction through which the change should be guided. Eventually, American culture evolved into various subcultures based on people’s opinions and practices. American culture became heterogeneous. This paper will describe how the modern changes of the late 19th and 20th centuries contributed to a fragmented and heterogeneous culture. In the early 19th century backwards to the early centuries, the society was divided into two sections; between the rich and the poor. There were physical divisions as well as divisions based on values and ideas. The rich thought that they were untouchable, and it was the responsibility of the poor man to take a lower position in the society, for him to be rich and stay on top. The rich thought that the poor had no right to fight for freedom or try to get rich. The society according to them was perfect as it was. They had accumulated enough wealth to keep them on top for periods of time. Any grievances by the poor people were considered a nuisance, ridiculous, and an obstacle to achieving the aims of the rich. A rich person, for example, in the 1880s or even before, could have had aims of building a new home or constructing new working sites. Workers’ strikes at the time would be a nuisance because they disrupted the progress of such projects. To them, whatever the poor were fighting for was impossible. The perception of strikes at the time is that strikes were a nuisance; they were a waste of the employers’ time and money. They were a threat to the society. The perception of strikes in the current society, however, is different. It is viewed as people fighting for their rights and it is also considered legally right. The class structure in the early centuries

Is Frankenstein Guilty of Crimes Againts Nature Research Paper

Is Frankenstein Guilty of Crimes Againts Nature - Research Paper Example But this proposition of Frankenstein’s crime against nature can be challenged by a simple rhetorical question, â€Å"Does Frankenstein create a real monster?† Textual evidences ultimately show that Doctor Frankenstein has not created a real monster as per the assumption that man cannot grasp the secrets of life and death; rather his ignorance about how to nurture his creature that apparently looks like an evil causes the final havoc he suffers in the end of the novel. By successfully creating a childlike imitative being, in the very first place he proves that the secrets of life and death are obviously knowledgeable by man. Meanwhile he nullifies the supposition that seeking the secrets of life and death is nothing profane. But Frankenstein’s true crime is that he abandons his creature immediately after its birth. Obviously this crime is caused by his ignorance about his responsibility that greater knowledge imposes upon him. Thus Frankenstein commits crime again st nature by refusing to play the motherly role of nurturing the creature; but not by seeking the secrets of life. Mary Shelly’s scheme to humanize the monster essentially refutes the claim that man should not, more accurately cannot, achieve knowledge beyond what nature allows. The horrible look and ferocious appearance of Frankenstein’s creature are not enough to prove his failure to achieve the unknowledgeable. Indeed his success lies in his ability to create a being that can learn; that possesses a mind and the essence of man. Frankenstein commits crime against his creature by abandoning it. Indeed his crime does not seem to be a deliberate one. Rather it evolves from his ignorance about the truth of his creature’s nature. If Frankenstein were responsible enough, instead of being repulsed by the creature’s horrible look he could train him to be socialized. But like

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Project Management - Essay Example These individuals are normally picked from the team personnel in order to complete the project as planned. On the other hand, alternative scheduling has to be planned to enable successful completion of both tasks and progress on the project to continue (Pinto 357). Resource management is usually difficult in a multi-project environment because it creates several problems. A single project is advantageous because it fully depends on its allocated resources. However, a single project can lead to under utilization of available resources since it even relies on resources that are currently, not under use (Pinto 369). Team members in a given project are afraid to issue out their resources since they believe that it will be difficult recovering them. Similarly, sharing resources can create a delay in multiple projects. Finally, there can be a decrease in employees’ morality as they attempt to juggle through competing assignments (Pinto 371). Approaches use to allocate resources include mathematical programming, fist in line, greatest resource demand, and minimum late finish

Management. Views of Fayol and Mintzberg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management. Views of Fayol and Mintzberg - Essay Example This research paper explains what management is and examines basic management theories and definitions to compare and contrast each of them with others. This paper addresses management as an organizational function as well a topic for academic research and study. Management Managing is an extremely important and perhaps one of the most challenging activities in today’s complex society and especially in the contemporary business contexts. Various factors and forces such as globalization, competition, quality-concerns of customers about goods and services, changes in consumer requirements etc make ‘managing’ a more challenging and rather highly rewarding task. Management is generally defined as an ‘art of getting things done through others’ (Dessler and Phillips, 2007, p. 4). This definition by Herold Koontz denotes to various underlying concepts of managing such as delegation of authority, planning for some things to be done and executing them through people and available resources and coordinating and controlling it. Management is an art, science, technique, method, process or strategy by which people work with others and available resources to help the organization reach its destination. Management is therefore a goal oriented process. As Bateman and Snell (2003) described, management is the process or practice by which people (managers) work with other people and resources in order to accomplish the already set goals of the organization both effectively and efficiently. To be efficient means to achieve goals and organizational objectives with minimal waste of resources by making best use of money, time, technology, materials and people, whereas effectiveness refers to achieving the right organizational goals at right time through right ways. Managers do things differently with effective strategies and techniques and by using the organized knowledge that in turn help them make their organizations unique and ultimately successfu l. The general management thought can be affected largely by demographic, geographic and social influences from business to business. However, management theories and definitions are still applicable to varying situations in firms around the world. In today’s complex business contexts, it is very evident that management is merely the process of managing the total resources of an organization. Herold Koontz’s definition talks about delegation of authority and making people work for getting in to the ultimate goals. It is thus related to how effectively managing both people and other resources. People are used by managers to get their things done through. They moreover effectively and efficiently utilize the available materials as well. When it comes to the management practices in place today, Bateman and Snell (2003) argued that no manager is always right or always wrong, but some managers are getting it in to the right path more often than some other managers are doing (p. 6). Views of Fayol and Mintzberg In management study, the views of Henry Fayol and Henry Minzberg have gained considerable attention as their studies and findings have explored management as a function and role that managers do. Henry Fayol, famously renowned as father of modern management, defined management as â€Å"to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and to control† (Cole, 2004, p. 6). He asserted that management was characterized by five specific functions; that are planning, organizing, commanding,

Feminism Vs Queer theory Essay Example for Free

Feminism Vs Queer theory Essay The book by Catherine Churchill titled ‘Cloud Nine’ provides insight into the two very different types of societies in the two acts of the book and depicts the change in the characters in terms of their femininity and sexual orientation. The diverse factors impacting the lives of the characteristics like power, wealth and politics as well as their ion satisfactions levels in different relationships have been discussed through the use of comedy and the art of storytelling. The book highlights the concepts of feminism and queer theory through its content and the way the lives of the characters play out in the two different acts of the book. Feminism is basically defined as the change or orientation towards women empowerment. It is made up of the social, cultural as well as the political reforms, movements and diverse theories which contribute towards equality between makes and females and highlights the equal rights movement for the women. The basis of feminism is the exhalation of the position of women in the society. Queer Theory on the other hand is a branch of gender studies which pertains to the gay and lesbian studies. This field is specific to diverse sexual orientation in women and takes its foundation form the feminism movement and theory itself. The inclination towards feminism in the book and the play of Cloud Nine is very explicit as depicts how the women are oppressed in the Victorian era so much so that they are forced to disguise themselves as men to hide their feminine identity when giving in to their strong nature and ambitions. The play clearly and explicitly describes the differences in the roles of the women and the men in the Victorian era, and in the modern era, therefore depicting how they have changed to an extent, but not as much as they should have. in the first act the play violently depicts the male oriented society by initiating with a welcome for the male gender, and present the allude of power, in context of economics as held by men in the society. Aside from this the play also depicts the position of the women in history as the subservient gender. This established the concept that the role and cultural construction of the females in the society is a product more of history and tradition than of their own capabilities, thus reinforcing the concept of feminism. The queer theory is expanded upon by the author in the play though the confused sexual orientation of the characters and the cross dressing and role reversal amongst the cast in the play. â€Å"Churchill clearly intended to raise questions of gender, sexual orientation, and race as ideological issues; she accomplished this largely by cross-dressing and role-doubling the actors, thereby alienating them from the characters they play. † (Worthen, 807). The characters in the play like those of Gerry the homosexual man and the lesbian mother provide the essence of the queer theory. In fact it can even be mentioned that Cloud Nine is an explicitly queer play. The structure of the play is very confusing for the audience as well as the readers due to the role reversals by the characters, and the language used in the play is highly oriented towards the depiction of feminism and queer theory. The play clearly points out the underlying issues in the societies pertaining to women oppression, women’s rights as well as gay pride and sexual orientation of the men and women. Moreover the play is highly political in nature as it tends to shock the audience and the readers through the presentation and the roles played by the characters. On the whole however the play contributes towards the literary identity development of women in the modern society. References Barry, P. , ‘Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory (Beginnings)’, Manchester University Press, (2002) , ISBN-10: 0719062683 Caslin, S. , ‘Feminism and post-colonialism’, accessed March 15, 2008 from http://www. qub. ac. uk/schools/SchoolofEnglish/imperial/key-concepts/feminism-and-postcolonialism. htm Churchill, C. , ‘Cloud Nine’, Nick Hern Books, (1989), ISBN-10: 1854590901 Marx, K. , ‘The Communist Manifesto: Complete with Seven Rarely’, Filiquarian Publishing, (2005), ISBN 1599869950 Worthen, W. B. , ‘The Wadsworth Anthology of Drama’, Heinle, (2003), ISBN-10: 0838407501