Case Study Dydynacorp Essay - 669 Words

1) if you were on the Dynacorp task force, what would be your first choice for an alternative design? what would be your second choice? 2) Which of the problems of the current design would your chosen design address? what problems (if any) would it not address? Are there any new problems to which it might lead? 3) What linking and alignment mechanisms would you propose to make the â€Å"grouping† of your first choice design more effective? Organizational Behavior - Culture Lens Dynacorp Case Problems inside Dynacorp: When Dynacorp has changed its structure, there are problems of linkage and alignment in the light of Strategic Design Lens. According to the new structure, Research and Advanced Development Group and Business Units (BUs) are†¦show more content†¦It means that there is still no recognition that interests are very important for the BUs and their totally different interests and priority are not yet understood and analyzed. Moreover, while arranging the new structure, most of the leaders who came from the old engineering department became the heads of the BUs. As a result, they may have not yet had full power to control their BUs that consist of people from the old production, engineering and marketing departments. Therefore, it is necessary that Dynacorp maps the interests of different BUs, gets buy-in, builds network among groups and increases power of the heads of BUs. Structure change: Dynacorp has changed its culture to motivate employees by alteri ng its structure from the functional to front/back structure in order to bring them closer through account teams and by putting engineering and manufacturing functions together, but Dynarcop is still facing a big problem of creating a new organizational culture that matches with its new structure. Its people still work in the old manner and hold old concepts, beliefs, habits, norms, knowledge etc while the new structure requires new knowledge, skills, concepts and so forth. Even though the structure has changed for 2 years, its employees are still in the dark to find out themselves ways to adapt to the new structure and fulfill their new functions.

Choices †creative writing Free Essays

Life is full of choices. Kelly, my best friend, made many choices; life altering choices. It sculpted the rest of her entire life. We will write a custom essay sample on Choices – creative writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now I, Karmen, was standing by her. Whatever happened to her. She was the only girl I had ever known who had the ability to hurt me, make me cry, make me loathe her, but still deep down, let me love her. Of course in this day and age some mocked our friendship; perceived it as something more. However, only we knew what we meant to each other. She was my life; she was like a sister to me. Our friendship undeniably was not the easiest, but whose is? Despite all of this, I loved Kelly Mainers more than anything in my life. Let me start from the beginning. Seven years to the day, I met Kelly. It was a cloudless day, at the beginning of September, it was apparent by the looks on everyone’s faces that none of us wanted to be there. The weather was showing no signs of cooling, so it felt like we were attending school in the middle of summer. I noticed this girl waving her parents good bye at the gates of Whitmore Girls. She had a thought provoking face. Long brown hair outlined her heart shaped face, and her vivid bright green eyes were the focus. She caught me staring and smiled, I did the same. We were eleven and young, fresh out of junior school, we just thought of each other as people to talk to. After a while our friendship deepened. We had instantly clicked. Neither of us had brothers or sisters, so we filled that void in each other’s lives. We were mocked at school for constantly being together. No one would ever catch us without the other, and when they did, they knew something serious must be happening. The years passed, as we grew older, our friendship grew stronger. However, at around 15, gradually our personalities began to differ. Kelly was into boys, make-up and clothes, whereas I was into music, food and television. We still conversed, but the spark that we had encountered at the beginning of our friendship just was not there anymore. We did not feel the need to be around each other constantly. It was sad, and we both had noticed it, but we did not let it jeopardise the little communication we had left with each other. We both acquired more friends outside our own friendship, which in a way helped me, but not Kelly. Kelly’s new friends influenced her in a way that I can only describe as detrimental. I was inclined to call them the â€Å"Shriek† crew, due to their incessant screeching whenever they spotted a member of the opposite sex. They turned Kelly into mini clones of themselves, which I am sure you can guess, was not a good thing. After much deliberation, one Saturday at the beginning of the summer holidays, 15 and free, I gave in and agreed to go out with Kelly. I usually tried to avoid doing this in case one of the â€Å"shriek† crew decided to tag along. After a long time, it was just the two of us. Looking back, it was the last time that Kelly and I had spent some real quality time together. We spent that whole afternoon just talking. We caught up on everything, I felt like I was getting to know her all over again. She had changed a lot, but deep down I knew she was still Kelly. The Kelly I ‘chose’ to be my best friend all those years ago. I had had one of the best days of my life, so obviously something had to come and spoil it. Just our luck, it was Karl, Karl Daniels. It was obvious to anyone who laid their eyes on him that he was good looking. Consequently, this boy was classed as Whitmore Boys finest specimen. I can still recall the effect that Karl had on Kelly and me when we first saw him. We were walking and I noticed him first. I stopped dead in my tracks; he literally took my breath away, all clichis aside. He had an utterly captivating face. After this day, Karl became the focus of all our attention. He was the type of boy that girls lusted after and a select few actually got. Some spent their lives throwing themselves at him. I had personally fawned over Karl for quite some time. However, soon his effect on me died down. Kelly, on the other hand, had a completely different take on this. As she grew older, her lust for him grew stronger. It was seven o’clock, and Kelly and I were still out and about on our â€Å"Bonding Session† when Karl called out to us, â€Å"So, you two wana come my way? † I scowled quietly. Kelly, right on cue, giggled and tossed her hair. She had switched into flirting mode. â€Å"Hey Karl, you all right? † Kelly simpered, as a wide slow grin spread over her perfect features. â€Å"Uh-huh, so what you saying? You two guna come? It’s this massive party down at my yard, love it if you could be there,† Karl replied. Blatantly he was only asking me to come along out of politeness. This was a regular occurrence: the guys chat Kelly up whilst I sit on the by lines watching, and assume the nickname ‘moody bitch’. Nothing new there. Kelly looked pleadingly at me, and I gave her one of my ‘don’t even think of asking me, you know what my answer is, do what the hell you want’ looks. She seemed displeased. â€Å"Karl, I’d love to come you know that, but it looks like my friend isn’t in the party mood, and would rather I didn’t go, sorry,† Kelly stated. My heart went out to her, she had fancied this boy for ages and she was doing this all for me. However, Karl, being a boy, persisted further, â€Å"What? She your mum now? Who says you have to go with her? You can come with me girl. Trust, you’ll have fun with me too! † Karl responded winking at her. That small insignificant gesture made Kelly’s mind up instantaneously. With a few rushed apologies she sauntered off, arms linked with the â€Å"sex god† of year 11. She had picked Karl over me, a twinge of pain swept through my body. I was aware she fancied him but she could have at least tried to persuade me to accompany her. Little did she know that going to the party would change the course of her whole life; she could do nothing to stop it. It was the first day back to school from the summer holidays. I was late, and was darting around trying to get to my new form room. I had not spoken to Kelly for four weeks since that day she chose Karl over me. Neither of us had bothered to pick up the phone to each other during this time. However, Kelly was the kind of girl I tended to call a sporadic caller, i. e. they only call when they want something! Personally, I thought it should be Kelly’s duty to do this especially as she was the one that left me that serene Saturday. Things like this rarely traversed Kelly’s mind. My mobile bleeped and said â€Å"four messages received†. All of them were from Kelly begging me to find her in the school toilets. As usual, Kelly called and I ran to her side. I made a slight detour on the way to my form room and found Kelly sitting on a toilet. The door was ajar, and I found Kelly crying hysterically. I was at a complete loss. I did not know what to do; why was she so upset? Kelly’s sobbing ceased momentarily, whilst she urged herself to talk, â€Å"Karmen, I have something to tell you and please don’t interrupt me for once, I just want to come out with it†¦ I’m pregnant. † I was gaping at her; it was like a bombshell. Kelly looked so vulnerable; I wanted to reach out and hug her. Suddenly something snapped in me; I could not put my finger on it but in a space of a second, everything had changed. Something was stopping me reaching out and touching my best friend. Why? She again burst into full-fledged tears and I just could not bring myself to console her, it was impossible. I tried to reach out and touch her arm but it was as if an invisible string was holding me back, making me keep my distance from her. I am not sure why this piece of news had such an effect on me. I think it was because deep down I wanted Kelly to realise for herself that the people that she hung out with were wrong for her. The old Kelly would not just up and leave and go out with a boy that she hardly knew. â€Å"The eyes are the windows to your soul,† Kelly had said to me five years ago. Until now, I had never understood what she meant, but she was right. When I was staring into her eyes, I could feel every facet of emotion she had in her. I was scared for Kelly. What would her destiny be 15 and expecting? â€Å"Whose baby is it then? † I asked, mentally running through the string of boys that we were acquainted with. Karl’s,† she replied with a sniff. I studied her face intent on getting the truth, but Kelly made this task very easy for me – â€Å"Look Karmen, I don’t see the point in being in denial, Karl raped me ok? I know what you’re going to say ‘I told you, you shouldn’t have gone with him in the first pla ce blah blah blah’. I know it was entirely my fault and I know you think it is to. We were making our way to the party and he was being so nice. Treating me well. Before I was drunk at the party, I didn’t really know anyone, so I hung around with him. One thing led to another and was kissing him, nothing more. I went and hung out with some of the â€Å"shriek† crew and that was all right. Then a couple of hours later, Karl came up to me. His breath stank of alcohol and he tried to kiss me. I pushed him away. However, in the end I just could not help it, I liked him so much and I gave in to temptation. I was in his room and we were just talking,† Kelly again broke down into tears, I let her cry it out, but she started to talk again. â€Å"I am an idiot I was kinda drunk; I didn’t even know what I was doing, let alone when, where and how. I doubt I even enjoyed it. I mean I liked him yeah, but not enough to do something like that with him. I don’t know, I lost my virginity to him and I didn’t even want to. He was so rough, and his eyes were evil. It was as if a different Karl had taken over. He wasn’t the same sweet, innocent faced boy that I had fancied for so long. I am such a mess, and I am so sorry I didn’t ring you. I did not know what to do with myself; I’ve been a nervous wreck. Seriously Karmen, as a mate, I need to know that you’ll be here, right beside me. † What could I say? After hearing all that, the invisible string that was holding me back let go. Apart from anything else, I managed to give her some degree of solace. I doubt I alleviated any of her pain but I did my best. Something that really bugged me was the fact that she did not seem too bothered about Karl raping her. Rape, the dictionary defines it as a) if a man rapes a woman, he violently forces her to have sex with him against her will b) rape is the act or crime of raping a woman. The next day, Kelly talked for two hours straight, and I just listened. Listened to what she had to say and how she felt. It was her time and not mine. I came out of it feeling different. Different as in doubtful but not once did Kelly speak about how she had been violated by Karl. I thought a lot over the next few days. I recalled all the conversations that Kelly and I had had about Karl (which was quite a few). All the evidence pointed to the fact that Kelly wanted this to happen. Not that it was pre-meditated or anything, more that she wasn’t bothered about the fact that she had been violated and her virginity had been lost to a terrible crime like rape. It would make sense, I mean she had always fancied him, and I was positive that her feelings for him were more physical than anything else. She was not so much upset about the fact that he raped her, more the fact that she was pregnant. I mean obviously the suspicions that I had were not rock solid, but they felt right. A few months passed, I consciously distanced myself from Kelly. Not that she had noticed, of course. She got a lot of teasing when her bump started to become prominent, but those people soon refrained from this when she began coming out with her version of the ‘truth’. She was basking in the glory of being one of the only girls to lose their virginity in year 11. However, what she called basking, I called bragging. She was bragging that she had had sex with Karl. What was she? Did she not realise what she was saying? I only caught snippets of her conversations but I was quite sure what I had heard was true. Kelly was claiming to the rest of the class that Karl did not rape her, but that she was the consenting party in this. This just consolidated my suspicions. My best friend was a liar. â€Å"Yeah, I know. He looked too buff that night. He was so sweet. I’m glad my first time was with him,† I heard Kelly say. Since when had rapists been sweet? It was not that I was eavesdropping; more determination determined to unveil the truth. â€Å"Seriously! Yeah I heard from someone that you got off with him that night! How was it? You’re such a lucky bitch, us lot would all kill to be with Karl! † the unknown gossip hungry girl said. â€Å"Look, I ain’t the type of girl who kisses and tells you know! You wana know what went on, you have to ask him,† clearly Kelly was avoiding the question. So, did this mean she was raped? I mean at the beginning of the conversation, it sounded like she had wanted this to happen; am I right? However, towards the end, it was the complete opposite to that. I had concluded that if I was going to get my answers, there were two things that I needed to do and have a) courage and b) confront her. Eventually, I did muster up enough courage to confront her. The thought of Kelly hiding all her pain from people was hurting me. Did she not trust others with her secret? Obviously the paranoid side of me kicked in and I thought that maybe she had not been raped, and it was all a ploy to get attention from me. I mean we had grown apart but lying about something so serious, that was uncalled for. Therefore, the purpose of the conversation was to get the truth, the real truth from what they call the ‘horse’s mouth’. In a way, deep down, at that time, I thought I knew the truth, I just needed to hear it for myself. Kelly, did Karl rape you or not? I don’t understand, you came to me and told me that he had raped you, and at the very same time you’re bragging to all your other friends that Karl had had sex with you. I’m sure you can see how I feel; I am confused and I can’t help it you’re sending me mixed messages. Were you raped or w eren’t you? Did you want him to? Is that why you went telling the whole year how you got off with him? You disgust me you know that; to even think that I spent time thinking of you, hoping it would all get better; whilst you’re sitting here weaving all your lies. † She was silent. For once in her entire life, Kelly had no comeback for me. She had not taken her eyes off me for five minutes straight. None of us had uttered a word, just exchanged menacing looks. She offered me no explanation, and just before she walked off, she told me â€Å"Maybe if you came with me to the party this wouldn’t have happened, you thought about that Karmen? † â€Å"Typical Kelly, can’t face up to anything can you, so you shift the blame onto someone else. You’ve been found out and you can’t handle it,† I shouted after her. I watched the back of my ‘best friend’ as she walked away and realised we were the complete opposite of that. We had changed so much along the way; I hardly knew who she was anymore. I could not take it. Why should I have to be responsible for all the mistakes that she makes? She had the audacity to say that it was my fault she got pregnant because I didn’t go to the party with her. I could not just be there at her disposal all the time, day in and day out. There was a time when I considered Kelly as my one and only best friend. I had moved on. This girl was some kind of alien to me. I was physically disgusted with her. I had considered her my own flesh and blood and now she was having a baby. The old Karmen would have stood by her, but not now, she was on her own. I had decided that I was going to make a stand for myself, see how she could handle her life without me. As evil as I must sound by saying this, it was all-true. My capricious friend had her comeuppance, and to some extent, I was glad. With hindsight, I regretted doing this. I did not realise how much my words had affected her, how much me not being there for her had done to her. A few short months after the confrontation, I had not heard or seen Kelly around. According to gossip, she had had a baby girl. Kelly’s mum left countless messages for me on my answering machine everyday, begging me to come and visit her. Her last few messages started to become a bit more desperate and personal. Kelly had postnatal depression; she was rejecting the baby. That was Kelly all right; she could not face up to anything, not even something as serious as this. A few days after Kelly’s mum’s message about her postnatal depression, I received a letter from Kelly – Dear Karmen, Letters, don’t you find they are the best form of communication? Remember when we used to write letters to each other day in and day out. I still have all of them you know, they mean so much to me, please don’t ever forget that. This may be the last letter I will ever be writing, to you, or anyone else. Do you remember the first day of Whitmore? I smiled at you, you smiled back. From that moment onwards I knew that we were meant to be friends, we clicked you know? I knew that you were the only one like me in that hellhole. To this day, I stand by that comment. Do you remember the days when we were literally obsessed with Karl, and we spent the whole day looking for his house? Took us ages, but we persevered and found it. Since you have stopped talking to me, my whole world has literally crashed around me. Have you forgotten all the good times that we spent together? I haven’t. I sat in bed last night, just thinking about all the times we’ve spent in each other’s company; sitting on the terrace, contemplating on life. Those were some of the best days of my life. I miss that; in fact, I miss you. My life feels like nothing without you by my side. I know people were always commenting about how close we were for just friends, but was and still is true, we are more than friends. I consider you as a sister. I will be the first one to admit, that the â€Å"shriek† crew were some of the people that thought we were more than that. I told them otherwise. I stood up to them Karmen, that was something you always said I couldn’t do. I found this in a book†¦ Don’t walk in front of me, I may not follow Don’t walk behind me, I may not lead Just walk beside me and be my friend When the whole Karl raping me thing happened, I didn’t know what the hell to do. I felt so violated by him, but I couldn’t tell anyone. Everyone had been at the party and seen what had happened, they all just thought I’d got a bit carried away and slept with him. But, it wasn’t like that. You should have seen his face when he did it, it was so indelicate. I cried for days on end after it had happened. To make it worse, the â€Å"shriek† crew all assumed that I had wanted it to happen with him. Yes, I was physically attracted to Karl, but not to the extent that I felt I needed to lose my virginity to him. It stung when you insinuated that I had lied to you, when I had not. You confronted me that day and I blamed you for this happening to me, I realise I shouldn’t have. It was your choice not to come with me, and now, looking back, I wished I had not gone either. As usual, I felt I needed someone to blame for my actions, but you weren’t the one. All I wanted was for someone to tell me, â€Å"Kelly, it wasn’t your fault†, but no one did. I thought I had to put up a front for the â€Å"shriek† crew. I didn’t want to be known as the freak that was raped. Besides, I know them better than you do; they were overtly laughing that time when Chrissy got raped by that university guy. How would I tell them this? So, as usual to get out of it, I spun my intricate web of lies to get out of the predicament. I wasn’t lying to you; you are the one person in my life I would never dream of deceiving. Karmen, I trust you with my life. Do you know what kept me going that day and night? No? That I could tell you and you could give me the support that I needed. I did not need the â€Å"shriek† crew if you were there by my side. Where were you Karmen? Where were you when I needed you most? I had my baby, where were you then? I called and called you for days on end, why didn’t you ring me back? I love you so much, and the one time in my life I needed you, you just were not there. Was this some kind of punishment for the ways I’ve treated you in the past? I didn’t deserve that. I had just been raped by a guy that I had fancied for ages and you were punishing me, I could not comprehend. When I told Karl that I was pregnant with his baby, he literally told me â€Å"Well, that’s your fault, leave me alone and stop telling people the baby is mine. † Can you even begin to imagine how I felt? I had been raped by him. Foolishly, assuming that he had an iota of decency in him, he would help me; obviously he didn’t. I rang you so you would know what I called my baby – Karmen. Do you know why I called her that? Because when baby Karmen grew up, I wanted her to be just like you. A strong, good person, not like her mother. I rejected baby Karmen, I had postnatal depression, and did you come and see me then? Numerous times my mum left messages on your phone for you to visit me, and did you? Did it cross your mind to talk to the girl that you spent the better part of you life with? I better cut to the chase; I know how you hate long letters. I can’t take life anymore Karmen. I just cannot take it. It’s such a mess, baby Karmen I did not and still do not want her, and I doubt I ever will. I love her, but I cannot outwardly show my love. How do you think that makes me feel? Every night she sits and cries and I can’t go anywhere near her. I’m afraid of what I could potentially do to her. What Karl did to me affected me psychologically in a way I doubt anyone will ever understand. To some extent, not even I understand why I’m feeling this way. I don’t think the true effect of the rape really hit me until after I had Karmen. Before that I had comprehended with the fact that I had been raped, I just had not had time to get over it. I’m a weak person Karmen, all this pressure I cannot deal with. Without you, I had no one to offload my worries and problems onto. No one to talk it all out with. Now you’re not here for me, I don’t see the point in living. I want to die. It’s not just one of my phases, I’ve been feeling suicidal for quite some time. Only now have I built up the courage to do something about my life, and my choice is to end it. This is the last letter you will ever be receiving from me, and the last time you will be hearing from me in general. So, I just want to say – â€Å"You were like a sister to me Karmen, the child that my parents didn’t have but always wanted. You are irreplaceable, and I know some other girl will take my place as your best friend. Being the kind hearted person that you are, you will be equally good to them as you were to me. I thank you so much for all you did for me in the time that I have known you. I love you Karmen, and whether I am dead or alive, nothing is going to change that. I am sorry I’m leaving it this way, I wish I didn’t have to, but I feel I no longer have any other choice. Goodbye Karmen, I love you with all my heart. † Kelly x P. S. You always said that I have to be the one who the makes choices in my life. This is my choice. I choose not to be alive anymore. I chose to lie about Karl and all that. I control my life now that is what you always told me to do; I’ve done it Karmen. I have finally taken control of my life; it is all in my hands now. I read the letter; I was just numb and immobilised. My world had been instantly transformed. She had hung herself. As disrespectful as this must sound; I thought that if Kelly ever killed herself, she would take pills. However, she did not, she chose something that would hurt her, she did not take the easy way out for once. I mean hanging yourself is not exactly the most comfortable position. Kelly and I had both made many choices in our lives. Hers, however, were very drastic. It all started when she chose Karl over me. If she had not she probably would not be dead right now. The grief I was undergoing inside of me was overwhelming, all I could think of was â€Å"what if I had just gone with her to that party? † â€Å"What if I had just believed her and not confronted her that day? † â€Å"Returned all her phone calls†. All these questions were literally eating me alive. For the first time in my life, I felt guilty. It was terrible; it was like a wave of heat frequently swept over me. Every time this happened, I felt like being sick, I hated it; I wanted all this grief to go. The recollection of the letter brought tears to my eyes. What must she have been feeling when she wrote it? I was astounded †¦ she was gone, and I could not come to terms with it. The other day the â€Å"shriek† crew decided to confront me, they blamed me for her death. They are truly heartless. I had just lost a best friend and they were lecturing me about how I should not have ignored all her calls etc. What do they know? They were the downfall of Kelly, if she had just realised they were not the right sort of people she should have been hanging around with, she may have been alive at this moment in time. It was the day of her funeral. Kelly’s parents were distraught; they could not fathom what made her do this. According to them, Kelly was always such a happy girl, and towards the end, she had shown no signs of feeling suicidal. Evidently, they were not the most observant parents. The last choice that I made concerning Kelly was to give the eulogy at her funeral. It was my last attempt to discern why, why I neglected her in the recent months. Then it came to me – it was my choice to. How to cite Choices – creative writing, Papers

The Seven Layers Of The Osi Network free essay sample

Model Essay, Research Paper The Seven Layers of the OSI Network ModelThe OSI Reference theoretical account is comprised of seven beds. This web theoretical account is used to depict the different beds, or # 8220 ; parts # 8221 ; of a web. Ranging from package related to hardware related, they are: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data-link, and Physical. The Application bed refers to the package used on the web, such as a web browser, and ftp client, or the client s runing system, all of which are used to entree resources from the host. Even though all these applications are considered portion of the Application degree, they may develop their ain methods of pass oning between each other, merely every bit long as they are compatible with the degree below them. This means following the standard protocol for undertakings such as file transportation and electronic mail. FTP would be the most common illustration of a file transportation protocol, and the X. 400 message protocol and the X.500 directory protocol are worldwide recognized protocols for their two maps. The 2nd bed from the top is the presentation bed. This bed follows a common protocol in pass oning with the Application bed, and of class the bed below it, the Session bed. The presentation bed, though, is concerned with taking the message contents and transforming them suitably for transmittal across the web. This means altering the Application contents into digital, or binary, informations. ASCII ( American Standard Code for Information Interchange ) is an illustration of a constituent of the presentation bed. This takes displayed characters and converts them into binary values, so they can be transmitted over the network.. In add-on to external informations representation transmutation, which has merely been covered, the presentation bed is besides used for compaction and/or encoding of the information. However, the presentation bed on the other terminal must besides cogniz e how to decode or uncompress this information. The 3rd bed from the top is the Session bed. This bed includes maps that set up a connexion with the host. After the presentation bed transforms the information for transmittal, the session bed makes it easy for the informations connexion to be maintained between procedures on different systems. In other words, when a procedure requests a connexion with another procedure on another system, the session bed helps set up the nexus. Therefore, this bed is responsible for the undermentioned undertakings: ( 1 ) Get downing and triping the session ( 2 ) Fillet and let go ofing the session ( 3 ) Synchronizing the two terminals ( 4 ) Dialog control ( 5 ) Transportation of dataThe session bed is the last # 8220 ; upper # 8221 ; or software-related bed, and Pr ovides the connexion to the â€Å"lower† , or hardware-related beds. The first of the two in-between beds is the Transport bed. This bed is for break uping packages that are sent from the session bed, so they may be transmitted over the web. On the other terminal, the conveyance bed puts these back together once more. When Transport breaks up these beds, it assigns a sequence figure to each one, so if they are received out of order on the other side, the distant Transport bed can recompose them as if they had neer been broken up. Afterward, the conveyance bed puts the right finish reference on the packages and does simple routing of them between webs if it is in an internetwork. The following bed down is called the Network bed. This bed accomplishes the undertaking of stating the package precisely which hosts to travel through to make the concluding finish host. It does elaborate routing of the message so the message knows how to acquire at that place. A simple analogy is comparing what Network does to looking carefully at a roadmap and acquiring expr essed waies, instead than stating simply that you want to travel from location ten to location Y. A widely accepted Network Layer protocol is X.25. Now that the message is decently encoded, interrupt down, and routed, the lone thing left to with it is physically transport it. The Data-link bed, the first of the two physical beds, does informations conveyance. It sends informations from one terminal of a line to the other, it activates and deactivates the nexus, it detects mistakes in the information nexus, it allows the nexus to be shared, it provides crystalline informations flow, and allows for mistake recovery and alteration. Normally accepted criterions for the Data-link bed are ANSI s ADCCP ( Advanced Data Communications Control Procedure ) , HDLC ( High-level Data Link Control ) , SDLC ( SNA s Data Link Control ) , and IEEE s 802.2. The concluding bed accomplishes the undertaking of really directing the message over the physical nexus. This nexus is called the Physical Link. T here are different ways to convey this binary informations, such as parallel signals, amplitude or frequence transition ( AM or FM ) , light signals, or wireless signals. Standards for transmittal of binary informations in this bed are: CCITT s x.21 for digital transmittal, and v.35 A ; v.24 for parallel transmittals. The whole object of the OSI Reference Model is in its name: Open Systems Interconnect. This means that it has to be unfastened for different types of protocols or methods for each bed, while still supplying compatibility between the other beds. This will let flexibleness for coders while still keeping a rigorous criterion for how these beds must interact with the 1s above and below it.

Taxation and Law Cases Absolute Ordinary Income

Question: Discuss about the Taxation and Law Cases for Absolute Ordinary Income. Answer: 1: Basic Introduction: Peta after making sales of refurbished old two numbers of tennis courts received $ 600,000. This receipt is very much an ordinary income in absolute nature as per section 6-5. The property or the house was purchased before two years by Peta with an intention of residing with family and to make alterations in the old adjoining tennis courts to sale them with profit to recover the cost of purchasing the house and cost involved for refurbishing the old tennis courts. The transaction although appears to be capital in nature but in reality it is an ordinary income only (Government, 2015). The income received from an ordinary source is called an ordinary income and will be assessed under section 6-5 of Income Tax Assessment Act, 1997. Section 10-5, if explained properly, we will understand this more. Any income coming to any Australian citizen from any ordinary source should be treated as ordinary income for Income Tax Assessment. The property was purchased by Peta before two years which is 12 months old. It is usually to be treated as Capital gains as being a capital asset under Income Tax Assessment Act, 1997. Peta will thus be entitled to get a discount of 50% on gain for selling capital assets after selling the refurbished tennis courts. A reference to this can be made by mentioning the case of Harris (1904) vs. California Copper Syndicate (Reduced and Limited) 5 TC 159 (Legislation, 2016). The basic target of Peta, the taxpayer was to sale the tennis courts after repair and refurbishment with an intention to make profit. Due to this the income will be treated as business income. Ordinary Income Theory: The nature of income can be better understood with the help of certain case studies. Any receipt cannot be an income but where there is a stage of periodicity, regularity and recurrence then it can be called an income. To determine an income as business income there is specific method to do it. The owner of a land treated a land in different manner or like object for sale although it is of different nature as per the case under High Court. Under section 6-5 of ITAA, 1997 the companys income was charged by High Court and Income Tax Assessor as ordinary income as the land was treated as object and was intended to be sold to make profit and just not business (Austlii, 2016). The importance finding ordinary income needed because-- Any money receipt generated from a business is not considered as business income. Profit is the product of the business, and the business income can be considered by the receipt of profit. The receipt and the product of the business must have a relation. If any isolated or one-off transaction generated profit it is to be considered as ordinary income if the profit or the gain from extraordinary transaction in course of the business. Substantial Case Laws: The judgment of FCT v Montgomery says If a profit or gain from such a transaction is treated as ordinary income, it would obviously involve only a net amount being income. The following cases will give an idea about ordinary income when a plan is made to subdivide land to make buildings on it. The party Moana Sand Pty Ltd purchased huge land areas for selling sand out of it and when the sand was exhausted then the land was subdivided and sold, the Commissioner said that the company is making huge profits out of this land sales. The ruling was not right but the company accepted this ruling. The case here is Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897. The party Casimaty as per the case of Casimaty v FC of T97 ATC 5135 was in the business of dairy production and some cropping activities. Due to old age he became very weak and was unable to continue business anymore as it went to huge loss.He planned to sell the land into eight subdivisions to make the loss right. He was charged by The Commissioner for selling land to make profit and purpose of land development was to make profits only. The owner on Appeal got relief from this judgement as the land sale was made with no intention to land development but to meet emergency only (Austlii, 2016). The company Statham Anor as per the case of Statham Anor v FC purchased and developed land for 105 lots in four different phases with an intention to make profit (Ato, 2016). The ATO pointed out the following from the case The land or propertys purpose of purchase changes. Any business to have a printed letterhead, office premises and its manager. Addition to the existing land with new purchases. Planning for existing land subdivision. Business accounts including such lands. Expense treatment or not of any interest on borrowed money to purchase such land. The existing land is subdivided for making a building on it (Austlii, 2016). 2: Taxation Laws A: The Fringe Benefit Tax or FBT is a very unique type of taxation element which is to be paid by the employer only having a special purpose and intention of benefiting all the employees with a purpose of encouragement to the employees for taking the business as their own and act accordingly. It is exclusively done or paid by the employer to say his employees that he cares for them so much that he can pay for their benefits also. The employees get a great moral boosting after they get these FBT rewards from their employer. They try to give their more than expected contribution to make the business grow, prosper and develop into a new horizon (Ato, 2016). There are innumerable types of FBTs which are used in a business and they may vary from business to business. These are of different types and are related to employees who are needed to be given these benefits for making them more responsible and useful. The payment of the FBT is generally made by the employer related to the specific employee and is of different as they vary due to usage and leverage from employees needed (Ato, 2016). There are thirteen types Fringe Benefit available for employees. These are follows-- Fringe benefit of Property. Fringe benefit of Car Parking. Fringe benefit of Housing. Fringe benefit of Board. Fringe benefit of Tax-exempt body entertainment. Fringe benefit of Entertainment. Fringe benefit of Airline transport. Fringe benefit for Cars. Fringe benefit for Waiver of debt. Fringe benefit of Loan. Fringe benefit of Expense payment. Fringe benefit of Living away from home allowance. Fringe benefit of Residual. But we must also mention here that there are a few exemptions for employer from fringe benefit for public benevolent organisations, religious institutions, etc. ABCs FBT will be same for both the case where it has given entertainment for 20 employees or for 5 employees. ABCs FBT can be reduced substantially by making the reimbursement to its employees instead of making the payment by them directly. Payment through reimbursement will be indirect hence would get relief from FBT because FBT is related to only direct payment for employee entertainment or benefit (Ato, 2016). The mobile phone worth $ 2,000 give to Alan should have done by indirect manner than directly to avoid FBT. Alan could have been given an advance and he on prior sanction and advice of the management would buy the item and submit the bill to get the advance adjusted thus making the FBT like an expense. In the same manner the amount of $ 20,000 for childrens tuition fees could have been paid to Alan. This could have been directly included in the salary of Alan and he would pay it directly thus saving ABC from making FBT payment unnecessarily. ABC can ask the employees to make contributions towards a fund for replacing FBT by ABC and for the purpose of using such fund for employees entertainment related FBT and thus by doing this the FBT can be avoided in straight manner by company. ABC purchased mobile phone inclusive of GST and food for employees for entertainment also inclusive of GST. For both the cases ABC will get GST relief as they are already paid and will be treated as INPUT GST (Ato, 2016). The following is the FBT calculation Alan is employed for two years duration by ABC and ABC have provided Alan with benefits as detailed below Tuition fees for Employees ChildrenTaxable. Food as a part of Employees EntertainmentTaxable. Employer provided Mobile phoneif work related the exempted. Employer provided Mobile Bill for its usage-- if work related the exempted. The calculation of fringe benefit tax: Total Fringe benefit: Entertainment by food--- $ 6,600 (No Credit of GST) Childrens tuition fees--$ 20,000 (No credit of GST) Total $ 26,600 Type 1: GST cannot be claimed for lower gross-up rate. Year Ending 31 March 2016 and 31 March 2017. FBT outcome--49% 1.9608 Type 2: GST can claim as it has entitlement for higher gross-up rate. Year Ending 31 March 2016 and 31 March 2017. FBT outcome--49% 2.1463 Tuition fees for Alans Childrens--$20,000 x 1.9608 = $39216 x 49% = $19215.84 (FBT) Food used for Entertainment-- $330 x 2.1463 = $708.279 x 49% = $ 347.05671. B: If the entertainment is done with only 5 employees, then every block of 5 employees, will be used to find out the entire dinner cost after division. The following FBT has to be paid; Type 1: GST cannot be claimed for lower gross-up rate. Year Ending 31 March 2016 and 31 March 2017. FBT outcome--49% 1.9608 Type 2: GST can claim as it has entitlement for higher gross-up rate. Year Ending 31 March 2016 and 31 March 2017. FBT outcome--49% 2.1463 Food used for Entertainment--$1320 x 2.1463 = $2833.116 x 49% = $ 1388.22684 (FBT) C: Business promotions have different ways for each business. One of it is taking the client to have entertainment by way of food and drinks. Hence in such case FBT would never be applied. References: Ato. (2016). ATO Interpretative Decision. Retrieved 09 16, 2016, from law.ato.gov.au: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=AID/AID2002483/00001 Ato. (2016). FBT exemptions and concessions. Retrieved 09 10, 2016, from www.ato.gov.au: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/fbt-exemptions-and-concessions/ Ato. (2016). Fringe benefits tax rates and thresholds. Retrieved 09 13, 2016, from www.ato.gov.au: https://www.ato.gov.au/Rates/FBT/ Ato. (2016). How to calculate your FBT. Retrieved 09 15, 2016, from www.ato.gov.au: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(FBT)/How-to-calculate-your-FBT/ Ato. (2016). Reduction in taxable value where interest would have been deductible to employee. Retrieved 09 13, 2016, from www.ato.gov.au: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/In-detail/Employers-guide/Loan-and-debt-waiver-fringe-benefits/?page=8#8_8_Reduction_in_taxable_value_where_interest_would_have_been_deductible_to_employee Ato. (2016). Taxation Ruling; whether profits on isolated transactions are income. Retrieved 08 30, 2016, from law.ato.gov.au: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?DocID=TXR/TR923/NAT/ATO/00001 Ato. (2016). Work-related items exempt from FBT. Retrieved 09 15, 2016, from www.ato.gov.au: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/do-you-need-to-pay-fbt-/work-related-items-exempt-from-fbt/ Austlii. (2016). INCOME TAX ASSESSMENT ACT 1936 - SECT 148. Retrieved 09 13, 2016, from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/itaa1936240/s148.html Austlii. (2016). INCOME TAX ASSESSMENT ACT 1936 - SECT 78A. Retrieved 09 21, 2015, from www.austlii.edu.au: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/itaa1936240/s78a.html Austlii. (2016). INCOME TAX ASSESSMENT ACT 1997 - SECT 6.5. Retrieved 09 16, 2016, from www.austlii.edu.au: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/itaa1997240/s6.5.html Government, A. (2015). Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 . Retrieved 09 18, 2015, from https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2013C00082 Legislation. (2016, 09 16). Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. Retrieved 09 16, 2016, from www.legislation.gov.au: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00082

Use Personal College Application Essay Samples For Maximum Effect

Use Personal College Application Essay Samples For Maximum EffectPersonal college application essays are extremely important. This is why many people work very hard on them and spend countless hours working on them. Writing a compelling essay that you will be proud to present on your college application has been described as the most important task you will ever have to accomplish on your college application.Unfortunately, the majority of students who write their own personal college application don't bother to learn what essay writing entails. Instead, they simply try to cram and type out their ideas. A lot of students who try this method will end up with a bunch of sentences and paragraphs that are full of filler words and nothing of real value. In order to avoid this common mistake, here are a few tips on how to use personal college application essay samples for maximum effect.Before writing your college application personal essay, you should familiarize yourself with how to struc ture a decent paragraph. Too many students write underdeveloped sentences and paragraphs that simply do not meet the standard for an effective essay. Your personal college application will be rejected or accepted based on your sentence structure. Therefore, it is crucial that you learn how to properly compose a paragraph before writing anything.The first thing you want to do when preparing for your personal college application is to make sure you begin by answering the question, 'What will I say on my college application?' Now that you have answered this question, you can begin your essay. You should start your essay with a heading such as, 'I believe'Therefore I am.'After you finish answering the question, 'What will I say on my college application,' you should begin your personal college application by summarizing your goals. You should write down all of your goals that you want to accomplish during your college career. Some students write down what they hope to gain from going to college, but this is something you should write down regardless of whether or not you hope to gain from a particular thing or to gain a specific amount of money.During your college application personal essay, you should also write down what you have learned in the past. Some students write down a list of things they have learned throughout their education, while others just keep it at a vague level. However, a good idea is to include this section to your college application essay.Finally, you should mention who else you know who is applying for the same college. This can be a great way to introduce yourself, and you should mention any other friends or family members who are applying for the same college you are. Some students may even want to include their parents. However, you should mention all of your references carefully and inform everyone who you have mentioned about who they should write down.If you follow these steps, your personal college application will be a masterpiece. You should include all of the elements of a good essay, and in doing so, you will be more prepared to present yourself as a valuable and interesting person to the admissions committee. Remember, it is very important that you do not hesitate, so take your time to follow these instructions and you will be well on your way to a successful application.

The Caregiver Burnout

Caregivers often experience the long-term stress which is rather difficult to overcome because of the constant psychological and physical pressure and necessities to take care for clients regularly. That is why the caregiver burnout among the persons who take care for the other people is a usual phenomenon.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Caregiver Burnout specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The symptoms of the caregiver burnout are different, but all of them are associated with the person’s stress and impossibility to assess and control the situation. The physical and emotional exhaustion can lead to the situation when the caregiver cannot help the client because of symptoms of the burnout. The stress and depression along with the negative moods can be prevented or treated with references to the definite interventions which help caregivers feel better and change their negative attitudes with positive one s. Thus, there is a range of interventions which can be proposed to help caregivers, and they usually depend on different kinds of assistance such as the financial, emotional, and physical help and support. The effective interventions are connected with the social and financial support and physical help. Caregivers should not reject any kind of such help in order to prevent the stress and anxiety and to use any information about the available services. The other rationales can be explained basing on the fact that there are many organizations which provide the necessary assistance in relation to the relevant social and financial programs, utilizing the local resources (Sherman et al., 2006). It is important to increase these programs’ role in the process in order to make the life of the client and caregiver easier. The separation of the tasks and the usage of many available programs and services can help the caregiver manage the time and energy effectively.Advertising Loo king for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The social support is necessary for caregivers and relatives that is why it is important to implement the support group programs. Caregivers and relatives should have an opportunity to discuss their concerns with the people who are in the similar situation and ask questions to feel the support (Maurer Smith, 2009). It is necessary to insist on the cooperation of the caregivers and relatives’ activities. The caregivers’ assistance cannot be discussed as effective when they know little about the specific disease. Thus, it is necessary to provide caregivers with the opportunities to expand their knowledge within the certain field in order to decrease the level of fear to act wrongly or do harm (Ampalam, Gunturu, Padma, 2012). Caregivers should also know the perspectives of the treatment and assess the situation appropriately. Sometimes, the social support in groups is not enough for caregivers, and they need the professional psychological help. Thus, caregivers should have the opportunity to receive the psychological consultation and communicate with the counselor regularly to cope with the stress, fear, anxiety, loss of interest, loss of appetite, emotional and physical exhaustion (Ampalam, Gunturu, Padma, 2012). These symptoms of the caregiver burnout are too severe to be treated independently.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Caregiver Burnout specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, such intervention as the regular physical and outdoor activities is easy to follow and implement by the caregiver even with references to the client. If it is possible, clients and caregivers should spend much time outdoors. Walking and physical activities help relieve stress and become more active (Aloulou et al., 2013). Furthermore, physical and outdoor exercises are importan t to cope with the feelings of helplessness and hopelessness. The caregiver burnout can be treated and prevented only with references to the effective interventions used. The accents should be made on the caregiver’s physical, emotional, and psychological state. References Aloulou, J., Damak, R., Masmoudi, F., Sidhom, O., Amami, O. (2013). Burn out in health care providers: A Tunisian study about 142 nurses. La Tunisie Medicale, 91(1), 44-49. Ampalam, P., Gunturu, S., Padma, V. (2012). A comparative study of caregiver burden in psychiatric illness and chronic medical illness. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(3), 239-243. Maurer, F. A., Smith, C. M. (2009). Community/public health nursing practice: Health for families and populations. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier. Sherman, A. C., Edwards, D., Simonton, S., Mehta, P. (2006). Caregiver stress and burnout in an oncology unit. Palliative Supportive Care, 4(1), 65-80.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on The Caregiver Burnout was written and submitted by user Charleigh Guthrie to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Complete Guide to a Geology Research Paper

The Complete Guide to a Geology Research Paper A research paper is an academic writing assignment that needs students to perform extensive research on a certain topic. Hence, it requires a significant amount of time to collect the required information, analyze it interpret, and present the research findings. Students need to be aware of the steps to write a research paper that is aligned with the best practices in a scientific paper. This geology research paper guide is aimed at helping geology students write an effective research paper. It includes both the general writing recomendations and specific geology research paper writing tips. Make sure to study it before you get down to your assignment. Start a Research Paper Properly Assignment Requirements This is a basic step that needs a student to be aware of the requirements for the assignment as provided by the instructor. It is important to look at the purpose of the assignment and its due date so as to plan and have adequate time to perform research and write the paper. The other information to be aware of is whether the instructor requires a certain number of sources or a particular type of references. Some research papers might need primary sources such as interviews, field observations, and maps. Others might need only scholarly sources such as journal articles and books. Students should also determine whether there are requirements for referencing and the maximum or minimum word limit. Those who are unsure of the requirements can contact their instructor for clarification. Selecting a Topic Students are often required to select a topic for the research paper. However, instructors can assign a given topic or provide a list of topics that students should choose from. Nevertheless, they have to make a decision on a certain idea that they will focus on when writing the research paper. When selecting a topic, students should consider their interests, available time, access to enough resources, and the scope of it. Choosing an interesting topic can make the student enjoy the research and writing process. Here are some geology topics that can be discussed: A Study of the Long-Term Effects of Deforestation in South America; The Impact of Coastal Erosion in Indiana; A Study of the Connection Between Diamonds and Kimberlites; Impact of Bauxite Mining on China’s Environment; The Source of Sulfate Ions in Groundwater. Finding Information Knowledge and understanding of the topic can allow students to identify sources that they will need to complete the research paper. One of the vital things that they should do when looking for data is the terms or phrases defining their research topic. These terms are helpful in searching for books and articles for the research. Students should obtain information from sources that are credible, reliable, and relevant to the topic. For example, the sources should be limited to coastal erosion if the student is examining coastal erosion in Indiana. Make sure you understand the limits of the paper to avoid straying away from the main idea. Overall, the information should be complete and helpful when completing the research paper. Organizing Notes This is simply the process of decoding concepts from the sources to be used in the research. Students are expected to read the sources and take notes on the most salient points in relation to their research. Since it is not often possible to read an entire book, students should go to the table of contents and look for the specific topic or topics that are relevant to the paper. This can make it easier to collect the required information. Talking about research articles, students can read the entire piece as it is usually short paper. Unlike books that contain general information, journal articles are specific to a certain subject. It is important to include the page number to show where the information is located. Statement of Purpose The information obtained so far should be enough to write a research paper. However, it is vital to begin by writing a statement of purpose to guide the reader on what it will discuss. It is possible to revise the statement as the research proceeds. However, any of these changes should remain within the scope and requirements of the research paper. The flexibility can lead a student to the data that is used to support the purpose statement. The statement of purpose should make the reader understand the overall goal of the paper and what the researcher intends to achieve. Only then, the student can proceed with the rest of the paper based on the outline provided below. How to Meet the Set Structure of a Research Paper Title Page and Abstract The title page contains descriptive information about the title, student, course, and date of submission. It is vital to note that the information included in the title page can depend on the formatting style used or instructions provided by the professor. A student has to make sure that all the needed information is included. The abstract page contains a brief summary of the strong points and conclusions from the research. The summary should be completed without repeating information in the introduction or conclusion. The reader should be able to grasp the entire scope of the research paper by just reading the abstract. Since the abstract consolidates information presented in the paper, students are advised to write it after completing all the other sections. Table of Contents Since research papers can sometimes be long, they involve the use of headings and subheadings to make them presentable and understandable. The table of contents presents the paper structure providing the reader with the page numbers so they can easily orient within the content. However, this part of the paper has to be placed at the beginning of the piece, it is advisable to compose it when the whole work is done. Though completing the table of contents manually is quite hectic and time-consuming, there are a lot of apps and software that can do the job for you. List of Figures and List of Tables Geology reports often involve figures and reports that are used to illustrate various ideas discussed in the paper. This might not be required when there are only a few tables or figures or if you work on a short research paper. It is rather used when there are many of these components and a research paper has many pages. This section provides a list of all figures and tables present in the paper. Each listing should indicate the figure or table number, a brief description, and page where it can be found. This section can make it easier for readers to find information quickly. Besides, this section also should be completed when the rest of the paper is done. Introduction The purpose of this part is to introduce the topic together with some background information. The information should provide readers with concepts that they need to know so as to understand the rest of the paper. For example, research on the impact of erosion in Indiana can provide background information on the process of erosion. Besides, it can provide some information on how Indiana was prior to the problem. The introduction can also offer an outline of the paper and the main concepts discussed by the student. At the end of the introduction, the student should include the statement of purpose that was developed after organizing the notes. This should show the reader the direction of the paper and the main points discussed. Overall, the introduction should be concise and designed to capture the interest of the reader. Body The body of the research paper is where the student discusses all the main points of the paper. The content of the main body can take a variety of formats depending on the information offered by the instructor. However, the content of the report is generally divided into sections and subsections using appropriate headings and subheadings. A research paper usually consists of three main sections, including the literature review, research design, and discussion. Literature Review The aim of the literature review is to place the research in the current scholarly context and show how it moves the current scholarship forward. If the research, for example, is about the coral deterioration in a given area, the student should show how the paper will address one of the areas that have not been researched so far. It is important to note that instructors would want a well-written research paper that has many new concepts. The mistake that many students tend to make is to lose sight of the purpose of the research paper. Hence, they should ensure that the review is relevant to the study and organized in a manner that will show the contributions of the research. Research Design This section is meant to inform the reader about the approach used to achieve the purpose of the study. For example, a student can conduct a field observation in the area of interest to study the metamorphic layers or rocks that are present. The student should indicate the process and procedure used to complete the observation. They should also indicate the data collection method, especially in relation to the measurement of various variables. Findings and Discussion This is where the bulk of the information should be presented. The aim of this section is to discuss the findings from the research within the context of the topic. The analysis can be accompanied by figures, tables, graphs, and many other labels as appropriate. However, figures or tables that take more than one page should be located in the appendix of the research paper. These components should be labeled and referenced to enable readers to easily find them. Generally, students should show the conclusions reached based on the data collected from the research. They should support the findings from research studies where possible. Conclusion The conclusion should begin with a summary of the main things learned from the study. Students should show the main arguments and how they were supported by the research evidence. The other aspect that needs to be included in this section is the directions for future research. Students need to show new questions from the research and how they can be answered by further research on the topic. Finally, this section should explain why the research was important and how it advances the current scholarship. In other words, the conclusion should place the research in the larger context of the topic. References/Bibliography Scholarly or academic papers need to follow a certain format that should be applied consistently in the paper. It is important to look at the initial instructions to determine whether the instructor requires the use of a specific formatting style. Ideas obtained from external sources should be cited in the text to avoid plagiarism. Direct quotations should include the page number where the information was obtained from. However, direct quotations should be minimized, and students should paraphrase any borrowed ideas before including them in their paper. Revising and Editing the Draft The final step is to read through the paper so as to identify and correct any stylistic and content errors. It would be appropriate to complete the revision after at least one day. In some cases, students can use grammar checkers to identify mistakes that might not be apparent. If possible, it would be better to get someone who would read through the paper to see whether there are any mistakes that the student might have missed. References: Bergmann, L. (2010). Academic research and writing. Boston: Longman. Chodorow, S. (2011). Writing a successful research paper. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co. Eby, E. (2014). College students guide to writing a great research paper. New York: Atlantic Publishing Group Inc. Goldenberg, P. (2010). Writing a research paper. New York: Sadlier. Werner-Burke, N., Knaus, K., DeCamp, A. (2014). Rebuilding research writing. New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis.